SoCo Draft Summary ReportWord文件下载.docx

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JointResearchCentre

InstituteforProspectiveTechnologicalStudies

Contactinformation

Address:

EdificioExpo.c/IncaGarcilaso,3.E-41092Seville（Spain）

E-mail:

jrc-ipts-secretariat@ec.europa.eu

Tel.:

+34954488318

Fax:

+34954488300

http:

//ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu

//www.jrc.ec.europa.eu

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JRC50424

EUR23767EN

ISBNX-XXXX-XXXX-X

ISSN1018-5593

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PrintedinSpain

SoCoProjectTeam

Authorsofthisreport

EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre（JRC）,InstituteforProspectiveTechnological

Studies（IPTS）:

StephanHubertusGay（SoCoco-ordinator）,

GeertruiLouwagie,

FrankSammeth,

TomasRatinger,

AdrianaCristoiu

EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre（JRC）,InstituteforEnvironmentand

Sustainability（IES）:

BrechjeMaré

chal,

PaoloProsperi,

EzioRusco,

Jean-MichelTerres,

KabindraAdhikari,

KatalinBó

dis,

RobertoM.Cenci,

CiroGardi,

BeataHoušková

HannesIsaakReuter,

LuisRodriguezLado,

VladimirStolbovoy,

GergelyTó

th

Leibniz-CentreforAgriculturalLandscapeResearch（ZALF）e.V.,Mü

ncheberg:

JohannesSchuler,

ThomasKutter,

PeterZander,

RogerFunk,

KatharinaHelming

SOLAGRO,Toulouse:

SylvainDoublet,

MarionHoutin,

PhilippePointereau

Preface

In2007,theEuropeanParliamentrequestedtheEuropeanCommissiontocarryoutapilotprojecton'

SustainableAgricultureandSoilConservationthroughsimplifiedcultivationtechniques'

（SoCo）.TheEuropeanParliamentconsideredthat'

inEurope,soildegradationanderosionisprobablythemostsignificantenvironmentalproblem'

andunderlinestheimportanceofconservationagricultureasbeinga'

setofsoilmanagementpracticeswhichminimisealterationofthecomposition,structureandbiodiversityofthesoil,safeguardingitagainsterosionanddegradation'

.Whilestatingthat'

Ruraldevelopmentplanningactionfor2007to2013affordsauniqueopportunitytomakeheadwaywiththesetechniques'

theEuropeanParliamentunderlinedthattheprojectshould'

fosterknowledgeofthesetechniquessothatfutureEuropeanlegislationcanbeeasilyapplied'

.

TheSoCoprojectwasdesignedinaclosecooperationbetweentheDirectorate-GeneralforAgricultureandRuralDevelopment（DGAGRI）andtheJointResearchCentre（JRC）.IthasbeenimplementedbytheJRC'

sInstituteforProspectiveTechnologicalStudies（IPTS）andInstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability（IES）.FurtherinformationabouttheSoCoprojectisavailableonthewebsite:

http:

//soco.jrc.ec.europa.eu

TheSoCoprojectisstructuredaroundfourworkpackages.Thisreportpresentsthefindingsofastock-takingofthecurrentsituationwithrespecttosoildegradationprocesses,soilfriendlyfarmingpracticesandrelevantpolicymeasureswithinanEU-wideperspective（workpackage1）.Thefollowinginstitutescontributedtothisreport:

theJRC-IPTS,theJRC-IES,Leibniz-CentreforAgriculturalLandscapeResearch（ZALF）e.V.andSOLAGRO.

ThisreporthasbeenreviewedbytheSoCoSteeringGroup,comprisingrepresentativesof

severalDGAGRIUnits,theJRC-IPTS,theJRC-IES,DGResearchandDGEnvironment,aswellasbytheSoCoScientificAdvisoryBoard:

ArnoldHermanusArnoldussen,ŠtefanBojnec,FloorBrouwerandPierreDupraz.Wethankallinvolvedfortheirsupporttothework.

Executivesummary

AgricultureoccupiesasubstantialproportionoftheEuropeanland,andconsequentlyplaysanimportantroleinmaintainingnaturalresourcesandculturallandscapes,apreconditionforotherhumanactivitiesinruralareas.Unsustainablefarmingpracticesandlanduse,includingmismanagedintensificationaswellaslandabandonment,haveanadverseimpactonnaturalresources.Havingrecognisedtheenvironmentalchallengesofagriculturallanduse,theEuropeanParliamentrequestedtheEuropeanCommissionin2007tocarryoutapilotprojecton'

（SoCo）.TheprojectoriginatedfromaclosecooperationbetweentheDirectorate-GeneralforAgricultureandRuralDevelopment（DGAGRI）andtheJointResearchCentre（JRC）.ItwasimplementedbytheInstituteforProspectiveTechnologicalStudies（IPTS）andtheInstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability（IES）.

TheoverallobjectivesoftheSoCoprojectare:

（i）toimprovetheunderstandingofsoilconservationpracticesinagricultureandtheirlinkswithotherenvironmentalobjectives;

（ii）toanalysehowfarmerscanbeencouraged,throughappropriatepolicymeasures,toadoptsoilconservationpractices;

and

（iii）tomakethisinformationavailabletorelevantstakeholdersandpolicymakersinanEU-widecontext.

Thisreportpresentsthefindingsofastock-takingofthecurrentsituationwithrespecttosoildegradationprocesses,soil-friendlyfarmingpracticesandrelevantpolicymeasureswithinanEU-wideperspective.Thisoverviewincludestheresultsofthesurveyonthenational/regionalimplementationofEUpoliciesandnationalpolicies,aclassificationofthedescribedsoildegradationprocesses,soilconservationpracticesandpolicymeasures,andfinallytheoutcomeoftheStakeholderWorkshopwhichtookplaceon22May2008inBrussels.

Thecurrentfindingsandthedatareceivedfromthestock-takingofthepoliciesdonotprovidesufficientlydetailedinsightintotheinvestigatedlinksandarethustoolimitedtoallowpolicyrecommendations.Inordertoclarifythecontext-specificlinksbetweensoildegradationprocesses,farmingpracticesandpolicymeasures,SoCothereforeconductedtencasestudies,spreadoverthreemacro-regionswithintheEU.Themethodologicaldetailsandresultsofthecasestudiesaswellasanoverallassessmentoftheeffectivenessofthepolicyframeworkasregardssoilprotection,conservationorimprovementwillbepresentedintheSoCoFinalreport.

Nature,localisationandmagnitudeofsoildegradationrelatedtoagriculture

SoilisdefinedasthetoplayeroftheEarth’scrustandiscomposedofmineralparticles,

water,airandorganicmatter,includinglivingorganisms.Itisacomplex,mutable,living

resourcewhichperformsmanyvitalfunctions:

foodandotherbiomassproduction,storage,filtrationandtransformationofsubstancesincludingwater,carbonandnitrogen.Soilfurtherservesasahabitatandagenepool,andprovidesabasisforhumanactivities,landscapeandheritage,andthesupplyofrawmaterials.

Soilisalsosubjecttoaseriesofdegradationprocesses.SixofthesoildegradationprocessesrecognisedbytheCommission（water,windandtillageerosion;

declineofsoilorganiccarbon;

compaction;

salinisationandsodification;

contamination;

anddecliningsoilbiodiversity）arecloselylinkedtoagriculture.WithinSoCo,themagnitudeoftherelatedsoildegradationriskswasestimatedatEUlevelandareaswheretheserisksaremostlikelytooccurwereidentified.Thedegreeof'

risk'

ofsoildegradationisestablishedasafunctionoftheunderlyingpre-disposingfactors,anddoesnotindicatetheactualoccurrenceofdegradationprocessesinparticularareas.Duetothelossoftopsoil,thesoilbecomeslessfertileandtheaquaticecosystemcontaminated.Erosioninagriculturalareascouldresultinundercutslopeswhichremovetheslopebase,causinglandslides.Themajordriversforwatererosionareintenserainfall（particularlypronouncedinclaysoilsafterlongdroughts）,topography,lowsoilorganicmattercontent,percentageandtypeofvegetationcoverandlandmarginalisationorabandonment.Followingthegeographicaldistributionofthesemajordrivers,severalareaswithahighriskoferosion（includingsomehotspots）arelocatedintheMediterraneanregions.

ErosionriskisalsoobservedacrosswesternandcentralEurope.Eventhoughtheriskis

relativelylimitedine.g.France,GermanyandPoland,watererosioncanstillbeasubstantialproblemhere.Ontheotherhand,theanalysisshowshillytomountainousareas（Pyrenees,ApenninesandtheAlps）withverylowornoerosionrisk.Thesearelargelyforestareaswithsoilsstabilisedthroughtreeroots.Winderosion,involvingaremovalofpredominantlythefinestsoilparticles,resultsinanongoingdecreaseinsoilfertility,sothattheeffectsofwinderosiononagriculturalproductivityaredetectableonlyafteryearsordecades.Asoil’ssusceptibilitytowinderosionisdeterminedbyitserodibility（mainlysoiltextureandorganicmattercontent）andtheclimate’serosivity（mainlywindvelocityanddirectionandprecipitation）.Wind