土木工程毕业外文文献及翻译Word文档格式.docx

土木工程毕业外文文献及翻译Word文档格式.docx

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2011级土木工程专业

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StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloads

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该生的外文翻译题目《StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloads》该译文基本能与原文关联,思路比较清晰,语句基本通顺,层次清晰,观点表达基本准确。

且该生在专业术语、词汇翻译有较高的准确度,叙述层次分明,有较强的逻辑性且格式规范,内容丰富,符合要求。

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1、CommonlyUsedstructuralSystems

Withloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts、Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression、

Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts、Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved、Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology、

Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:

1.Moment-resistingframes、

2.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes、

3.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls、

4.Tube-in-tubestructures、

5.Tube-in-tubestructures、

6.Core-interactivestructures、

7.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems、

Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems、Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays、

Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings、Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights、Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture、Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect、Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding、

Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere、Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion、

2、Moment-ResistingFrames

Perhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints、Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads、Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces、

AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;

analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintoday’stechnology、

Becauseoftheintrinsicflexibilityofthecolumn/girderintersection,andbecausepreliminarydesignsshouldaimtohighlightweaknessesofsystems,itisnotunusualtousecenter-to-centerdimensionsfortheframeinthepreliminaryanalysis、Ofcourse,inthelatterphasesofdesign,arealisticappraisalin-jointdeformationisessential、

3、BracedFrames

Thebracedframe,intrinsicallystifferthanthemoment–resistingframe,findsalsogreaterapplicationtohigher-risebuildings、Thesystemischaracterizedbylinearhorizontal,vertical,anddiagonalmembers,connectedsimplyorrigidlyattheirjoints、Itisusedcommonlyinconjunctionwithothersystemsfortallerbuildingsandasastand-alonesysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings、

Whiletheuseofstructuralsteelinbracedframesiscommon,concreteframesaremorelikelytobeofthelarger-scalevariety、

Ofspecialinterestinareasofhighseismicityistheuseoftheeccentricbracedframe、

Again,analysiscanbebySTRESS,STRUDL,oranyoneofaseriesoftwo–orthreedimensionalanalysiscomputerprograms、Andagain,center-to-centerdimensionsareusedcommonlyinthepreliminaryanalysis、

4、Shearwalls

Theshearwallisyetanotherstepforwardalongaprogressionofever-stifferstructuralsystems、Thesystemischaracterizedbyrelativelythin,generally（butnotalways）concreteelementsthatprovidebothstructuralstrengthandseparationbetweenbuildingfunctions、

Inhigh-risebuildings,shearwallsystemstendtohavearelativelyhighaspectratio,thatis,theirheighttendstobelargecomparedtotheirwidth、Lackingtensioninthefoundationsystem,anystructuralelementislimitedinitsabilitytoresistoverturningmomentbythewidthofthesystemandbythegravityloadsupportedbytheelement、Limitedtoanarrowoverturning,Oneobvioususeofthesystem,whichdoeshavetheneededwidth,isintheexteriorwallsofbuilding,wheretherequirementforwindowsiskeptsmall、

Structuralsteelshearwalls,generallystiffenedagainstbucklingbyaconcreteoverlay,havefoundapplicationwhereshearloadsarehigh、Thesystem,intrinsicallymoreeconomicalthansteelbracing,isparticularlyeffectiveincarryingshearloadsdownthroughthetallerfloorsintheareasimmediatelyabovegrade、Thesystemhasthefurtheradvantageofhavinghighductilityafeatureofparticularimportanceinareasofhighseismicity、

Theanalysisofshearwallsystemsismadecomplexbecauseoftheinevitablepresenceoflargeopeningsthroughthesewalls、Preliminaryanalysiscanbebytruss-analogy,bythefiniteelementmethod,orbymakinguseofaproprietarycomputerprogramdesignedtoconsidertheinteraction,orcoupling,ofshearwalls、

5、FramedorBracedTubes

TheconceptoftheframedorbracedorbracedtubeeruptedintothetechnologywiththeIBMBuildinginPittsburgh,butwasfollowedimmediatelywiththetwin110-storytowersoftheWorldTradeCenter,NewYorkandanumberofotherbuildings、Thesystemischaracterizedbythree–dimensionalframes,bracedframes,orshearwalls,formingaclosedsurfacemoreorlesscylindricalinnature,butofnearlyanyplanconfiguration、Becausethosecolumnsthatresistlateralforcesareplacedasfaraspossiblefromthecancroidsofthesystem,theoverallmomentofinertiaisincreasedandstiffnessisveryhigh、

Theanalysisoftubularstructuresisdoneusingthree-dimensionalconcepts,orbytwo-dimensionalanalogy,wherepossible,whichevermethodisused,itmustbecapableofaccountingfortheeffectsofshearlag、

Thepresenceofshearlag,detectedfirstinaircraftstructures,isaseriouslimitationinthestiffnessofframedtubes、Theconcepthaslimitedrecentapplicationsofframedtubestotheshearof60stories、Designershavedevelopedvarioustechniquesforreducingtheeffectsofshearlag,mostnoticeablytheuseofbelttrusses、Thissystemfindsapplicationinbuildingsperhaps40storiesandhigher、However,exceptforpossibleaestheticconsiderations,belttrussesinterferewithnearlyeverybuildingfunctionassociatedwiththeoutsidewall;

thetrussesareplacedoftenatmechanicalfloors,mushtothedisapprovalofthedesignersofthemechanicalsystems、Nevertheless,asacost-effectivestructuralsystem,thebelttrussworkswellandwilllikelyfindcontinuedapprovalfromdesigners、Numerousstudieshavesoughttooptimizethelocationofthesetrusses,withtheoptimumlocationverydependentonthenumberoftrussesprovided、Experiencewouldindicate,however,thatthelocationofthesetrussesisprovidedbytheoptimizationofmechanicalsystemsandbyaestheticconsiderations,astheeconomicsofthestructuralsystemisnothighlysensitivetobelttrusslocation、

6、Tube-in-TubeStructures

Thetubularframingsystemmobilizeseverycolumnintheexteriorwallinresistingover-turningandshearingforces、Theterm‘tube-in-tube’islargelyself-explanatoryinthatasecondringofcolumns,theringsurroundingthecentralservicecoreofthebuilding,isusedasaninnerframedorbracedtube、Thepurposeofthesecondtubeistoincreaseresistancetooverturningandtoincreaselateralstiffness、Thetubesneednotbeofthesamecharacter;

thatis,onetubecouldbeframed,whiletheothercouldbebraced、

Inconsideringthissystem,isimportanttounderstandclearlythedifferencebetweentheshearandtheflexuralcomponentsofdeflection,thetermsbeingtakenfrombeamanalogy、Inaframedtube,theshearcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththebendingdeformationofcolumnsandgirders（i、e,thewebsoftheframedtube）whiletheflexuralcomponentisassociatedwiththeaxialshorteningandlengtheningofcolumns（i、e,theflangesoftheframedtube）、Inabracedtube,theshearcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththeaxialdeformationofdiagonalswhiletheflexuralcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththeaxialshorteningandlengtheningofcolumns、

Followingbeamanalogy,ifplanesurfacesremainplane（i、e,thefloorslabs）,thenaxialstressesinthecolumnsoftheoutertube,beingfartherformtheneutralaxis,willbesubstantiallylargerthantheaxialstressesintheinnertube、However,inthetube-in-tubedesign,whenoptimized,theaxialstressesintheinnerringofcolumnsmaybeashigh,oreve