科技英语 female robot to hit JapancatwalkWord下载.docx
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Majorpotentialadvantagesofroboticsurgeryareprecisionandminiaturization.
Furtheradvantagesarearticulationbeyondnormalmanipulationandthree-dimensionalmagnification.
Somesurgicalrobotsareautonomous,andtheyarenotalwaysunderthecontrolofasurgeon.
Theyareonlysometimesusedastoolstoextendthesurgicalskillsofatrainedsurgeon..
FormoreinformationaboutthetopicRoboticsurgery,readthefullarticleatWikipedia.org,orseethefollowingrelatedarticles:
Laparoscopicsurgery—Laparoscopicsurgery,alsocalledkeyholesurgery(whennaturalbodyopeningsarenotused),bandaidsurgery,orminimallyinvasivesurgery(MIS),is...
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Minimallyinvasiveprocedure—Aminimallyinvasivemedicalprocedureisdefinedasonethatiscarriedoutbyenteringthebodythroughtheskinorthroughabodycavityor...
Urology—Urologyisthefieldofmedicinethatfocusesontheurinarytractsofmalesandfemales,andonthereproductivesystemofmales.Inmen,the...
Hysterectomy—Ahysterectomyisthesurgicalremovaloftheuterus,usuallydonebyagynecologist.Hysterectomymaybetotal(removingthebodyandcervixofthe...
Industrialrobot
Anindustrialrobotisanautomaticallycontrolled,reprogrammable,multipurposemanipulatorprogrammableinthreeormoreaxes.
Thefieldofindustrialroboticsmaybemorepracticallydefinedasthestudy,designanduseofrobotsystemsformanufacturing(atop-leveldefinitionrelyingonthepriordefinitionofrobot).
Typicalapplicationsofindustrialrobotsincludewelding,painting,ironing,assembly,pickandplace,palletizing,productinspection,andtesting,allaccomplishedwithhighendurance,speed,andprecision.
Themostcommonlyusedrobotconfigurationsforindustrialautomation,includearticulatedrobots,SCARArobotsandgantryrobots.
Inthecontextofgeneralrobotics,mosttypesofindustrialrobotswouldfallintothecategoryofrobotarms.
FormoreinformationaboutthetopicIndustrialrobot,readthefullarticleatWikipedia.org,orseethefollowingrelatedarticles:
Humanoidrobot
Ahumanoidrobotisarobotwithitsoverallappearancebasedonthatofthehumanbody.
Ingeneralhumanoidrobotshaveatorso躯干withahead,twoarmsandtwolegs,althoughsomeformsofhumanoidrobotsmaymodelonlypartofthebody,forexample,fromthewaistup.
Somehumanoidrobotsmayalsohavea'
face'
with'
eyes'
and'
mouth'
.
Androidsarehumanoidrobotsbuilttoresembleamalehuman,andGynoidsarehumanoidrobotsbuilttoresembleahumanfemale..
FormoreinformationaboutthetopicHumanoidrobot,readthefullarticleatWikipedia.org,orseethefollowingrelatedarticles:
TheFutureOfRobots
ComputerScientistsProgramRobotsToPlaySoccer,CommunicateWithBees
July1,2008—Engineersbuilthumanoidrobotsthatcanrecognizeobjectsbycolorbyprocessinginformationfromacameramountedontherobot'
shead.Therobotsareprogrammedtoplaysoccer,withtheintentionofcreatingateamoffullyautonomoushumanoidrobotsabletocompeteagainstachampionshiphumanteamby2050.Theyhavealsodesignedtinyrobotstomimicthecommunicative"
waggledance"
ofbees.
Aworldofrobotsmayseemlikesomethingoutofamovie,butitcouldbeclosertorealitythanyouthink.Engineershavecreatedroboticsoccerplayers,beesandevenaspiderthatwillsendchillsupyourspinejustliketherealthing.
They'
rebig...they'
restrong...they'
refast!
Yourfavoritebigscreenrobotsmaybecomeareality.
Poweredbyasmallbatteryonherback,humanoidrobotLolaisasoccerchampion.
"
Theideaoftherobotisthatitcanwalk,itcanseethingsbecauseithasavideocameraontop,"
RaulRojas,Ph.D.,professorofartificialintelligenceatFreieUniversityinBerlin,Germany,toldIvanhoe.
Usingthecameramountedonherhead,Lolarecognizesobjectsbycolor.Theinformationfromthecameraisthenprocessedinthismicrochip,whichactivatesdifferentmotors.
Andusingthiscameraitcanlocateobjectsonthefloorforexamplearedball,goaftertheballandtrytoscoreagoal,"
Dr.Rojassaid.Arobotwithafewtricksuphersleeve.
Germanengineershavealsocreatedabeerobot.Coveredwithwaxsoit'
snotstungbyothers,itmimicsthe'
waggle'
dance--afigureeightpatternforcommunicatingthelocationoffoodandwater.
Laterwhatwewanttoproveisthattherobotcansendthebeesinanydecideddirectionusingthewaggledance,"
Dr.Rojassaid.
Robotslikethiscouldonedaybecomehigh-techsurveillancetoolsthatsecretlyflyandrecorddata...andarobotyouprobablywon'
twanttoseewalkingaroundanytimesoon?
Thespider-bot.
ABOUTROBOTICS:
Robotsaremadeofroughlythesamecomponentsashumanbeings:
abodystructurewithmoveablejoints;
amusclesystemoutfittedwithmotorsandactuatorstomovethatbodystructure;
asensorysystemtocollectinformationfromthesurroundingenvironment;
apowersourcetoactivatethebody;
andacomputer"
brain"
systemtoprocesssensoryinformationandtellthemuscleswhattodo.Robotsaremanmademachinesintendedtoreplicatehumanandanimalbehavior.Roboticistscancombinethesebasicelementswithothertechnologicalinnovationstocreatesomeverycomplexroboticsystems.Thereareplentyofrobotsdoingmanualworkonfactoryassemblylines,butwhilethosemachinescanmanipulateobjects,theydothesamething,alongthesamepath,everytime.Otherrobotsaredesignedtoplaysoccer,ortodrivevehicleswithouthumaninput.
ABOUTA.I.:
Robotsandcomputernetworksarealwaysevolvingintelligentconsciousnessinpopularsciencefiction.Butwhilemodernscientistshavemadegreatstridesinbuildingcomputersthatcanmimiclogicalthought,theystillhaven'
tcrackedthecodeofhumanemotionandconsciousness.Therearetwoprevailingschoolsofthoughtonartificialintelligence.Proponentsof"
strongAI"
considerthatallhumanthoughtcanbebrokendownintoasetofmathematicaloperations.Theyexpectthattheywillonedaybeabletoreplicatethehumanmindandcreatearobotcapableofboththinkingandfeeling,withasenseofself--thestuffofclassicsciencefiction.ThinkoftherobotNumberFivefromthe80smovieShortCircuit,whosuddenlyrealized,frightened,thathecouldbe"
disassembled"
bythescientistswhomadehim."
WeakAI"
proponentsexpectthathumanthoughtandemotioncanonlybesimulatedbycomputers.Acomputermightseemintelligent,butitisnotawareofwhatitisdoing,withnosenseofselforconsciousness.
Artificialintelligence
Themoderndefinitionofartificialintelligence(orAI)is"
thestudyanddesignofintelligentagents"
whereanintelligentagentisasystemthatperceivesitsenvironmentandtakesactionswhichmaximizesitschancesofsuccess.
JohnMcCarthy,whocoinedthetermin1956,definesitas"
thescienceandengineeringofmakingintelligentmachines."
Othernamesforthefieldhavebeenproposed,suchascomputationalintelligence,syntheticintelligenceorcomputationalrationality.
Thetermartificialintelligenceisalsousedtodescribeapropertyofmachinesorprograms:
theintelligencethatthesystemdemonstrates.AIresearchusestoolsandinsightsfrommanyfields,includingcomputerscience,psychology,philosophy,neuroscience,cognitivescience,linguistics,operationsresearch,economics,controltheory,probability,optimizationandlogic.
AIresearchalsooverlapswithtaskssuchasrobotics,controlsystems,scheduling,datamining数据挖掘,logistics,speechrecognition,facialrecognitionandmanyothers.
Computationalintelligence
Computationalintelligenceinvolvesiterativedevelopmentorlearning(e.g.,parametertuninginconnectionistsystems).
Learningisbasedonempiricaldataandisassociatedwithnon-symbolicAI,scruffyAIandsoftcomputing.
SubjectsincomputationalintelligenceasdefinedbyIEEEComputationalIntelligenceSocietymainlyinclude:
Neuralnetworks:
trainablesystemswithverystrongpatternrecognitioncapabilities.Fuzzysystems:
techniquesforreasoningunderuncertainty,havebeenwidelyusedinmodernindustrialandconsumerproductcontrolsystems;
capableofworkingwithconceptssuchas'
hot'
'
cold'
warm'
boiling'
.Evolutionarycomputation:
appliesbiologicallyinspiredconceptssuchaspopulations,mutationandsurvivalofthefittesttogenerateincreasinglybettersolutionstotheproblem.
Thesemethodsmostnotablydivideintoevolutionaryalgorithms(e.g.,geneticalgori