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Majorpotentialadvantagesofroboticsurgeryareprecisionandminiaturization.

Furtheradvantagesarearticulationbeyondnormalmanipulationandthree-dimensionalmagnification.

Somesurgicalrobotsareautonomous,andtheyarenotalwaysunderthecontrolofasurgeon.

Theyareonlysometimesusedastoolstoextendthesurgicalskillsofatrainedsurgeon..

FormoreinformationaboutthetopicRoboticsurgery,readthefullarticleatWikipedia.org,orseethefollowingrelatedarticles:

Laparoscopicsurgery—Laparoscopicsurgery,alsocalledkeyholesurgery（whennaturalbodyopeningsarenotused）,bandaidsurgery,orminimallyinvasivesurgery（MIS）,is...

Minimallyinvasiveprocedure—Aminimallyinvasivemedicalprocedureisdefinedasonethatiscarriedoutbyenteringthebodythroughtheskinorthroughabodycavityor...

Urology—Urologyisthefieldofmedicinethatfocusesontheurinarytractsofmalesandfemales,andonthereproductivesystemofmales.Inmen,the...

Hysterectomy—Ahysterectomyisthesurgicalremovaloftheuterus,usuallydonebyagynecologist.Hysterectomymaybetotal（removingthebodyandcervixofthe...

Industrialrobot

Anindustrialrobotisanautomaticallycontrolled,reprogrammable,multipurposemanipulatorprogrammableinthreeormoreaxes.

Thefieldofindustrialroboticsmaybemorepracticallydefinedasthestudy,designanduseofrobotsystemsformanufacturing（atop-leveldefinitionrelyingonthepriordefinitionofrobot）.

Typicalapplicationsofindustrialrobotsincludewelding,painting,ironing,assembly,pickandplace,palletizing,productinspection,andtesting,allaccomplishedwithhighendurance,speed,andprecision.

Themostcommonlyusedrobotconfigurationsforindustrialautomation,includearticulatedrobots,SCARArobotsandgantryrobots.

Inthecontextofgeneralrobotics,mosttypesofindustrialrobotswouldfallintothecategoryofrobotarms.

FormoreinformationaboutthetopicIndustrialrobot,readthefullarticleatWikipedia.org,orseethefollowingrelatedarticles:

Humanoidrobot

Ahumanoidrobotisarobotwithitsoverallappearancebasedonthatofthehumanbody.

Ingeneralhumanoidrobotshaveatorso躯干withahead,twoarmsandtwolegs,althoughsomeformsofhumanoidrobotsmaymodelonlypartofthebody,forexample,fromthewaistup.

Somehumanoidrobotsmayalsohavea'

face'

with'

eyes'

and'

mouth'

Androidsarehumanoidrobotsbuilttoresembleamalehuman,andGynoidsarehumanoidrobotsbuilttoresembleahumanfemale..

FormoreinformationaboutthetopicHumanoidrobot,readthefullarticleatWikipedia.org,orseethefollowingrelatedarticles:

TheFutureOfRobots

ComputerScientistsProgramRobotsToPlaySoccer,CommunicateWithBees

July1,2008—Engineersbuilthumanoidrobotsthatcanrecognizeobjectsbycolorbyprocessinginformationfromacameramountedontherobot'

shead.Therobotsareprogrammedtoplaysoccer,withtheintentionofcreatingateamoffullyautonomoushumanoidrobotsabletocompeteagainstachampionshiphumanteamby2050.Theyhavealsodesignedtinyrobotstomimicthecommunicative"

waggledance"

ofbees.

Aworldofrobotsmayseemlikesomethingoutofamovie,butitcouldbeclosertorealitythanyouthink.Engineershavecreatedroboticsoccerplayers,beesandevenaspiderthatwillsendchillsupyourspinejustliketherealthing.

They'

rebig...they'

restrong...they'

refast!

Yourfavoritebigscreenrobotsmaybecomeareality.

Poweredbyasmallbatteryonherback,humanoidrobotLolaisasoccerchampion.

Theideaoftherobotisthatitcanwalk,itcanseethingsbecauseithasavideocameraontop,"

RaulRojas,Ph.D.,professorofartificialintelligenceatFreieUniversityinBerlin,Germany,toldIvanhoe.

Usingthecameramountedonherhead,Lolarecognizesobjectsbycolor.Theinformationfromthecameraisthenprocessedinthismicrochip,whichactivatesdifferentmotors.

Andusingthiscameraitcanlocateobjectsonthefloorforexamplearedball,goaftertheballandtrytoscoreagoal,"

Dr.Rojassaid.Arobotwithafewtricksuphersleeve.

Germanengineershavealsocreatedabeerobot.Coveredwithwaxsoit'

snotstungbyothers,itmimicsthe'

waggle'

dance--afigureeightpatternforcommunicatingthelocationoffoodandwater.

Laterwhatwewanttoproveisthattherobotcansendthebeesinanydecideddirectionusingthewaggledance,"

Dr.Rojassaid.

Robotslikethiscouldonedaybecomehigh-techsurveillancetoolsthatsecretlyflyandrecorddata...andarobotyouprobablywon'

twanttoseewalkingaroundanytimesoon?

Thespider-bot.

ABOUTROBOTICS:

Robotsaremadeofroughlythesamecomponentsashumanbeings:

abodystructurewithmoveablejoints;

amusclesystemoutfittedwithmotorsandactuatorstomovethatbodystructure;

asensorysystemtocollectinformationfromthesurroundingenvironment;

apowersourcetoactivatethebody;

andacomputer"

brain"

systemtoprocesssensoryinformationandtellthemuscleswhattodo.Robotsaremanmademachinesintendedtoreplicatehumanandanimalbehavior.Roboticistscancombinethesebasicelementswithothertechnologicalinnovationstocreatesomeverycomplexroboticsystems.Thereareplentyofrobotsdoingmanualworkonfactoryassemblylines,butwhilethosemachinescanmanipulateobjects,theydothesamething,alongthesamepath,everytime.Otherrobotsaredesignedtoplaysoccer,ortodrivevehicleswithouthumaninput.

ABOUTA.I.:

Robotsandcomputernetworksarealwaysevolvingintelligentconsciousnessinpopularsciencefiction.Butwhilemodernscientistshavemadegreatstridesinbuildingcomputersthatcanmimiclogicalthought,theystillhaven'

tcrackedthecodeofhumanemotionandconsciousness.Therearetwoprevailingschoolsofthoughtonartificialintelligence.Proponentsof"

strongAI"

considerthatallhumanthoughtcanbebrokendownintoasetofmathematicaloperations.Theyexpectthattheywillonedaybeabletoreplicatethehumanmindandcreatearobotcapableofboththinkingandfeeling,withasenseofself--thestuffofclassicsciencefiction.ThinkoftherobotNumberFivefromthe80smovieShortCircuit,whosuddenlyrealized,frightened,thathecouldbe"

disassembled"

bythescientistswhomadehim."

WeakAI"

proponentsexpectthathumanthoughtandemotioncanonlybesimulatedbycomputers.Acomputermightseemintelligent,butitisnotawareofwhatitisdoing,withnosenseofselforconsciousness.

Artificialintelligence

Themoderndefinitionofartificialintelligence（orAI）is"

thestudyanddesignofintelligentagents"

whereanintelligentagentisasystemthatperceivesitsenvironmentandtakesactionswhichmaximizesitschancesofsuccess.

JohnMcCarthy,whocoinedthetermin1956,definesitas"

thescienceandengineeringofmakingintelligentmachines."

Othernamesforthefieldhavebeenproposed,suchascomputationalintelligence,syntheticintelligenceorcomputationalrationality.

Thetermartificialintelligenceisalsousedtodescribeapropertyofmachinesorprograms:

theintelligencethatthesystemdemonstrates.AIresearchusestoolsandinsightsfrommanyfields,includingcomputerscience,psychology,philosophy,neuroscience,cognitivescience,linguistics,operationsresearch,economics,controltheory,probability,optimizationandlogic.

AIresearchalsooverlapswithtaskssuchasrobotics,controlsystems,scheduling,datamining数据挖掘,logistics,speechrecognition,facialrecognitionandmanyothers.

Computationalintelligence

Computationalintelligenceinvolvesiterativedevelopmentorlearning（e.g.,parametertuninginconnectionistsystems）.

Learningisbasedonempiricaldataandisassociatedwithnon-symbolicAI,scruffyAIandsoftcomputing.

SubjectsincomputationalintelligenceasdefinedbyIEEEComputationalIntelligenceSocietymainlyinclude:

Neuralnetworks:

trainablesystemswithverystrongpatternrecognitioncapabilities.Fuzzysystems:

techniquesforreasoningunderuncertainty,havebeenwidelyusedinmodernindustrialandconsumerproductcontrolsystems;

capableofworkingwithconceptssuchas'

hot'

cold'

warm'

boiling'

.Evolutionarycomputation:

appliesbiologicallyinspiredconceptssuchaspopulations,mutationandsurvivalofthefittesttogenerateincreasinglybettersolutionstotheproblem.

Thesemethodsmostnotablydivideintoevolutionaryalgorithms（e.g.,geneticalgori

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