从存在注意视角下解读苔丝Word文档格式.docx

从存在注意视角下解读苔丝Word文档格式.docx

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学号5110203120

系别外语系

年级11级

专业英语（专升本）本科

指导教师陈泓

职称讲师

完成日期2013年5月31日

闽江学院毕业论文诚信声明书

本人郑重声明：

兹提交的毕业论文“InterpretTessundertheViewofExistentialism”，是本人在指导老师陈泓的指导下独立研究、撰写的成果；

论文未剽窃、抄袭他人的学术观点、思想和成果，未篡改研究数据，论文中所引用的文字、研究成果均已在论文中以明确的方式标明；

在毕业论文工作过程中，本人恪守学术规范，遵守学校有关规定，依法享有和承担由此论文产生的权利和责任。

声明人（签名）：

2013年5月31日

摘要

《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯.哈代最优秀的长篇小说之一，因而有许多学者从不同的角度来解读苔丝。

然而本人认为从存在主义的角度来解读苔丝有助于我们对苔丝有更深刻的理解。

小说中的女主角苔丝在纷杂的人际关系和荒诞的世界中不断地追求人生的意义。

她为了爱勇于坚持自己的选择，敢于为自己和他人承担责任，并最终以死达到自我的自由，从而证明只有爱才是人真正存在的本质。

本人认为这一切都符合以萨特为代表的存在主义的基本主题：

世界是荒谬的，人生是痛苦的，自我选择与责任的承担。

本文将从荒诞的世界，苔丝的痛苦存在以及苔丝爱的选择和行动来阐述这一主题。

关键字：

苔丝；

存在主义；

荒诞；

自由选择与责任

Abstract

Tessofthed’UrbervillesisoneofthemasterpiecesbyThomasHardy,onwhichmanyscholarshavemaderesearchfromdifferentperspectives.However,IthinkwewillhaveabetterunderstandingifwereadthisgreatworkinviewofExistentialism.Tessconstantlypursuesthemeaningoflifeinthecomplicatedandabsurdsociety.Shechoosesherwaystoloveherfamilyandsweetheart.Shepersistsinherownchoiceandcourageouslyundertakesresponsibilitiesforherselfaswellasothers.Atlastshelosesherlifetorealizeherfreedom.Allofherchoicesandactionsprovethattheessentialofpeople’sexistenceislove.Inmyopinion,theseallagreewiththeimportantsubjectsofexistentialismthatSartrerepresents,whichistheabsurdworld,freedomandresponsibility.Thispaperisdevotedtointerpretthissubjectfromthreeaspects:

theabsurdworld,theAbsurdExistenceofmiserableindividualsandTheChoiceandActionoflove.

Keywords:

Tess;

Existentialism;

Absurdity;

FreeChoiceandResponsibility;

Love

Contents

1.Introduction…………………………………………………….

（1）

2.TheAbsurdWorld

2.1AbsurdityfromtheExistentialist’sinterpretation

（1）

2.2AnalysisontheAbsurdworldandTess’sLife

（1）

3.TheAbsurdExistenceofmiserableindividuals

3.1MiserableindividualsfromtheExistentialistInterpretation（3）

3.2AnalysisofTess’sagony（3）

4.TheChoiceandActionoflove

4.1FreedomandResponsibilityinExistentialism（5）

4.2AnalysisofTess’sChoiceandActionoflove（5）

4.2.1Thelovetofamily

4.2.2Thelovetofreedom

4.2.3ThelovetoAngel

5.Conclusion…………………………………………………………..（9）

References（10）

Acknowledgements（11）

InterpretTessundertheViewofExistentialism

1.Introduction

ThomasHardyisoneofthegreatestrealistsinBritaininthelate19thcentury.Tessofthed’Urbervilles,hismasterpiece,depictsgreatinfluenceontherurallifeunderindustrialcivilization,whichuncoversthehypocrisyofcapitalisticmoralandtheunfairsocialstateofwomenintheVictorianage.Facingthecomplicatedinterpersonalrelationshipsandabsurdworld,Tessconstantlypursuitsthemeaningoflifeandcourageouslyundertakesresponsibilitiesforherselfandothers.Finally,Tesslosesherlifetorealizeherself-worth--love,whichprovesheressentialexistence.Fromthetraditionalview,wealwaysregardTessasavictimofthereligionandsecularlife.WhilewewillhaveadifferentunderstandingifwereadthisgreatworkinviewofExistentialism.“Existentialismisatermappliedtotheideaofsome19th-and20th-centuryphilosopherswho,despiteprofounddoctrinaldifferences,sharedthebeliefthatphilosophicalthinkingbeginswiththehumansubject—notmerelythethinkingsubject,buttheacting,feeling,livinghumanindividual.”[1]（P.1）AlthoughtheexistentageofThomasHardyandExistentialismisdifferent,cultureisinterlinked.Ageshouldnotbeobstaclebetweenclassicalmasterpieceandgreatphilosophy.Furthermore,Tess’slifeexperiencesbuildabridgefortheinterpretationofExistentialism.FromTessofthed’Urbervilles,wecanseetheabsurdworldandlifewithlonenessandhelplnss.ButTessdoesn’tcometotermswiththeabsurdworld;

shefightsagainstthefateandthepainfullifeforherlovetothefamily,freedomandAngel.Sheliveslikeanexistentialistheroinewhochoosesfreelyandbearsresponsibilitiesbravely.TessreflectsthepointsofExistentialismfromthefollowingpoints.

2.1AbsurdityfromtheExistentialistinterpretation

TheExistentialist,Sartre,believesthathumanlifeisanabsurdexistence;

theworldisinchaosthatincludesawiderangeofoccasionalthings.Thereisnoruletoruntheworld,sowecan’tpredictwhatwillhappeninthenextsecondinourlife.WhenweobservetheworldwhereTesslives,wecanunderstandthattheworldisbeamingwithabsurdity.

2.2AnalysisontheAbsurdWorldandTess’sLife

InTessofthed’Urbervilles,theworldthatTessfacesisinchaos.Wecanseethatthroughtwoaspects.

Ononethehand,theworldischanging:

theindustrializationdestroystheagriculturalculture,andmoneydecideseverything.Thecountrysidestartstoexperiencetheindustrialrevolutioninthelate19thcentury.Tess’sfamilystandsforcorruptionofagrariansysteminEngland.Inthisagriculturalcivilization,rankinglessdependsonwealthandmorereliesoninheritedprivilege,familybackground,andlandownership.Atthebeginningofthenovel,Tesschallengestoamail-cartwithanexhaustedhorse,undoubtedlyshefails.Itisasocietythat“Cashmattersmorethanlineage.”[2]（P.409）AlthoughTessisthedescendantofanoblefamily,d’Urbervilles,herfamilyisverypoor.Herfatherisavanitymerchant.Whenhelearnsthatheisthedescendantoftheancientandaristocraticnobility,d’Urbervilles,hebecomescomplacentandboastfulabouthisnoblefamily.Heordersayoungmantotakehisbasketforhimandgotoaskhiswifetosendacarttopickhimup.Themanrefusestodothatatfirst,butwhenJohnDurbey-fieldpayshimashilling,hedoeswhatJohnDurbey-fieldorderscheerfullyandcallshim”SirJohn”.Itismoneyratherthantitletomakethemancomply.Similarly,Alec’sfather,SimonStokes,issuccessfullyabletopurchaseagloryfamilynamebyusinglotsoffortuneandtransformhistribeintotheStoke-d’Urbervilles.Itisasocietythatcashmattersmorethandaughter.Tess’sparentshaveeyesforwealthratherthandaughter’shappiness.TheyalwaysexpectthatTesscanmarryAlec,sotheycanliveagoodlife.

Ontheotherhand,thehypocriticalmoralityinthelateVictorianageisridiculouswithdoublestandard:

thewomenareconsideredimmoraliftheylosetheirchastitybeforemarriageeventheyarevictims.Absurdly,themenarenottoblame.Eveniftheyhavehadtheexperienceofsexbeforetheirmarriages,theycanreceiveforgivenessfrompeopleveryeasily.Moreridiculously,thisdoublestandardplaysanimportantroleinpeople’semotionallife,whichwecanclearlyseeinthenovel.Tesswhoknowsnothingaboutthemanisabeautiful,kindandeducatedgirl.Shedoesherbesttosupportthefamily:

lookingafterlittlesistersandbrothersanddoinghousework.Sometimes,shetakespartinacustomofwalkingintheprocessionanddancingwithagroupofyounggirls,middle-agedandevenelderlywomen.However,everythingchangesaftersheisseducedbyAlec.Herfamilyfeelshumiliatedabouther;

herfriendswhomshehasdancedwithandplayedtogetherdonotcomforther,buttalkaboutherasafallenwoman.What’smore,Angel,themanwhosheloveswithallherheartleavesheraftersheconfessesthepastexperiencetohim.What’smore,thewrecker,Alec,becomesaChristianministeradvocatingofChristianloveandfaith.However,thevictim,Tess,suffersabandonmentfromfamily,friendsandlover;

shehastowanderfromhereandthere,evendoesthehardestjobsandundergoesthebrutalinsult.“Hewhohadcausedherundoingwasnowonthesideofgod,whilesheremainedabandoned.”[3]（P.256）

AlltheseareunfairtoTess:

sheisarealvictimbutshehastobearallpain.Thatisinkeepingwiththeexistentialistidea:

theworld’sabsurdityencompassesimmoralityorunfairness.Whichmeansbadthingswillhappentogoodpeople（Tess）.Thebadguy（Alec）doesnotdeservethepunishmentwhilethegoodpersonsufferstorment.Intheabsurdworld,shouldpeoplefeelsad,lonelyanddolefulandbeforcedtomakechoicesandtakeaction.

3.TheAbsurdExistenceofmiserableIndividuals

3.1ThedefinitionofmiserableindividualsfromExistentialism

Sartreclaimsthat“Thereisnoultimatemeaningorpurposeinherentinhumanlife;

inthissense,lifeis‘absurd’.Weare‘forlorn’,’abandoned’intheworldtolookafterourselvescompletely.”[4]（P.1）Theabsurdworldisfilledwithcrimeandugliness,sotheconflictsbetweenpeoplecannotbeavoided.Therefore,peopleareonlymiserableindividualsintheabsurdworld.Wefeelcountlessanxious,disappointed,pain,andalienated.Theseareallthefeelingsthatexistentialistsdescribe.LetusexperienceTess’shardshipandsufferinginherpositionwhensheisinthepresenceoftheabsurdeventsandforcedtomakechoices.

3.2AnalysisofTess’sagony

Tesscannotfindcomfortandhappinessinherfamily.Shelivesinapoorfamilydependingonsellinghoney.Tess,aneldestchildinthehome,bravelybearsresponsibilitiesforthefamily.Butherfamilyonlyattemptstosacrificeherhappinesstoassociatethemselveswiththeirrichrelatives,Mrs.d’Urbervilles.Moreironically,theirparentsaretheslavesofmoney.TheyonlywanttobecomerichbymakingthebestofTess’svirginity.Theyblameherinsteadofcomfortingtoher.Hermotherblamesthat“Anywomanwouldhaveallowedhimtotakeherasawifeorevenmistressbutyou!

”[3]（P.80）“whydidn’tyouthinkofdoingsomegoodforyourfamilyinsteadofthinkingonlyofyourself.”[3]（P.80）Herdrunkenfatheralwaysabuse