英语专业论文Scientific paper structureWord下载.docx
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SectionofPaper
WhatdidIdoinanutshell?
Abstract
Whatistheproblem?
Introduction
HowdidIsolvetheproblem?
MaterialsandMethods
WhatdidIfindout?
Results
Whatdoesitmean?
Discussion
Whohelpedmeout?
Acknowledgments(optional)
WhoseworkdidIreferto?
LiteratureCited
ExtraInformation
Appendices(optional)
SectionHeadings:
MainSectionHeadings:
Eachmainsectionofthepaperbeginswithaheadingwhichshouldbecapitalized,centeredatthebeginningofthesection,anddoublespacedfromthelinesaboveandbelow.DonotunderlinethesectionheadingORputacolonattheend.
Exampleofamainsectionheading:
INTRODUCTION
Subheadings:
Whenyourpaperreportsonmorethanoneexperiment,usesubheadingstohelporganizethepresentation.Subheadingsshouldbecapitalized(firstletterineachword),leftjustified,andeitherbolditalicsORunderlined.
Exampleofasubheading:
EffectsofLightIntensityontheRateofElectronTransport
Title,Authors'
Names,andInstitutionalAffiliations
1.Function:
YourpapershouldbeginwithaTitlethatsuccinctlydescribesthecontentsofthepaper.Usedescriptivewordsthatyouwouldassociatestronglywiththecontentofyourpaper:
themoleculestudied,theorganismusedorstudied,thetreatment,thelocationofafieldsite,theresponsemeasured,etc.Amajorityofreaderswillfindyourpaperviaelectronicdatabasesearchesandthosesearchengineskeyonwordsfoundinthetitle.
2.TitleFAQs
3.Format:
Thetitleshouldbecenteredatthetopofpage1(DONOTuseatitlepage-itisawasteofpaperforourpurposes);
thetitleisNOTunderlinedoritalicized.
theauthors'
names(PIorprimaryauthorfirst)andinstitutionalaffiliationaredouble-spacedfromandcenteredbelowthetitle.Whenmorethentwoauthors,thenamesareseparatedbycommasexceptforthelastwhichisseparatedfromthepreviousnamebytheword"
and"
.
Forexample:
DucksOver-WinterinColoradoBarleyFieldsinResponseto
IncreasedDailyMeanTemperatureImaMallard,UraDrake,andWoodruffDucqueDepartmentofWildlifeBiology,UniversityofColorado-Boulder
Thetitleisnotasection,butitisnecessaryandimportant.Thetitleshouldbeshortandunambiguous,yetbeanadequatedescriptionofthework.Ageneralrule-of-thumbisthatthetitleshouldcontainthekeywordsdescribingtheworkpresented.Rememberthatthetitlebecomesthebasisformoston-linecomputersearches-ifyourtitleisinsufficient,fewpeoplewillfindorreadyourpaper.Forexample,inapaperreportingonanexperimentinvolvingdosingmicewiththesexhormoneestrogenandwatchingforacertainkindofcourtshipbehavior,apoortitlewouldbe:
MouseBehavior
Why?
Itisverygeneral,andcouldbereferringtoanyofanumberofmousebehaviors.Abettertitlewouldbe:
TheEffectsofEstrogenontheNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice
Becausethekeywordsidentifyaspecificbehavior,amodifyingagent,andtheexperimentalorganism.Ifpossible,givethekeyresultofthestudyinthetitle,asseeninthefirstexample.Similarly,theabovetitlecouldberestatedas:
EstrogenStimulatesIntensityofNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice
4.StrategyforWritingTitle.
ABSTRACT
Anabstractsummarizes,inoneparagraph(usually),themajoraspectsoftheentirepaperinthefollowingprescribedsequence:
thequestionyouinvestigated(orpurpose),(fromIntroduction)statethepurposeveryclearlyinthefirstorsecondsentence.theexperimentaldesignandmethodsused,(fromMethods)clearlyexpressthebasicdesignofthestudy.
Nameorbrieflydescribethebasicmethodologyusedwithoutgoingintoexcessivedetail-besuretoindicatethekeytechniquesused.
themajorfindingsincludingkeyquantitativeresults,ortrends(fromResults)reportthoseresultswhichanswerthequestionsyouwereaskingidentifytrends,relativechangeordifferences,etc.abriefsummaryofyourinterpetationsandconclusions.(fromDiscussion)clearlystatetheimplicationsoftheanswersyourresultsgaveyou.WhereastheTitlecanonlymakethesimpleststatementaboutthecontentofyourarticle,theAbstractallowsyoutoelaboratemoreoneachmajoraspectofthepaper.ThelengthofyourAbstractshouldbekepttoabout200-300wordsmaximum(atypicalstandardlengthforjournals.)Limityourstatementsconcerningeachsegmentofthepaper(i.e.purpose,methods,results,etc.)totwoorthreesentences,ifpossible.TheAbstracthelpsreadersdecidewhethertheywanttoreadtherestofthepaper,oritmaybetheonlyparttheycanobtainviaelectronicliteraturesearchesorinpublishedabstracts.Therefore,enoughkeyinformation(e.g.,summaryresults,observations,trends,etc.)mustbeincludedtomaketheAbstractusefultosomeonewhomaytoreferenceyourwork.
HowdoyouknowwhenyouhaveenoughinformationinyourAbstract?
Asimplerule-of-thumbistoimaginethatyouareanotherresearcherdoinganstudysimilartotheoneyouarereporting.IfyourAbstractwastheonlypartofthepaperyoucouldaccess,wouldyoubehappywiththeinformationpresentedthere?
2.Style:
TheAbstractisONLYtext.Usetheactivevoicewhenpossible,butmuchofitmayrequirepassiveconstructions.WriteyourAbstractusingconcise,butcomplete,sentences,andgettothepointquickly.Usepasttense.Maximumlengthshouldbe200-300words,usuallyinasingleparagraph.
TheAbstractSHOULDNOTcontain:
lengthybackgroundinformation,referencestootherliterature,elliptical(i.e.,endingwith...)orincompletesentences,abbreviationsortermsthatmaybeconfusingtoreaders,anysortofillustration,figure,ortable,orreferencestothem.
3.Strategy:
Althoughitisthefirstsectionofyourpaper,theAbstract,bydefinition,mustbewrittenlastsinceitwillsummarizethepaper.TobegincomposingyourAbstract,takewholesentencesorkeyphrasesfromeachsectionandputtheminasequencewhichsummarizesthepaper.Thensetaboutrevisingoraddingwordstomakeitallcohesiveandclear.AsyoubecomemoreproficientyouwillmostlikelycomposetheAbstractfromscratch.
4.Checkyourwork:
Onceyouhavethecompletedabstract,checktomakesurethattheinformationintheabstractcompletelyagreeswithwhatiswritteninthepaper.Confirmthatalltheinformationappearingtheabstractactuallyappearsinthebodyofthepaper.
[strategy|FAQs|style|structure|relevantliteraturereview|statementofpurpose|rationale]
ThefunctionoftheIntroductionisto:
Establishthecontextoftheworkbeingreported.Thisisaccomplishedbydiscussingtherelevantprimaryresearchliterature(withcitations)andsummarizingourcurrentunderstandingoftheproblemyouareinvestigating;
Statethepurposeoftheworkintheformofthehypothesis,question,orproblemyouinvestigated;
and,
Brieflyexplainyourrationaleandapproachand,wheneverpossible,thepossibleoutcomesyourstudycanreveal.
Quiteliterally,theIntroductionmustanswerthequestions,"
WhatwasIstudying?
Whywasitanimportantquestion?
WhatdidweknowaboutitbeforeIdidthisstudy?
Howwillthisstudyadvanceourknowledge?
"
Usetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Someuseoffirstpersonisokay,butdonotoverdoit.
3.Structure:
ThestructureoftheIntroductioncanbethoughtofasaninvertedtriangle-thebroadestpartatthetoprepresentingthemostgeneralinformationandfocusingdowntothespecificproblemyoustudied.OrganizetheinformationtopresentthemoregeneralaspectsofthetopicearlyintheIntroduction,thennarrowtowardthemorespecifictopicalinformationthatprovidescontext,finallyarrivingatyourstatementofpurposeandrationale.AgoodwaytogetontrackistosketchouttheIntroductionbackwards;
startwiththespecificpurposeandthendecidewhatisthescientificcontextinwhichyouareaskingthequestionyourstudyaddresses.Oncethescientificcontextisdecided,thenyou'
llhaveagoodsenseofwhatlevelandtypeofgeneralinformationwithwhichtheIntroductionshouldbegin.
HereistheinformationshouldflowinyourIntroduction:
Beginyour