ArgicStratWord文档格式.docx

ArgicStratWord文档格式.docx

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2WATERCONSERVATIONANDDEMANDMANAGEMENTPOTENTIALINTHESECTOR

3CHALLENGESTOAPPLYINGWATERCONSERVATIONANDDEMANDMANAGEMENT

3.1WhysomeWUAsfailordonotperform?

3.1.1ChallengesassociatedwiththeformationoftheWUAs

3.1.2ChallengesassociatedwiththeeffectivenessoftheWUAs

3.1.3SupportservicesthatwouldenhancetheeffectivenessofWUAs

4INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS

5ROLESOFCMAs,WUAsANDFARMERSINWC/DM

5.1TheroleofCMAsinWC/DM

5.2TheroleofWUAsinWC/DM

5.3TheroleofthewateruserinWC/DM

6OBJECTIVESOFTHEWC/DMSTRATEGY

7IMPLEMENTATIONOFWC/DMINTHESECTOR

8ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACRONYMS

ARCAgriculturalResearchCouncil

BMPsBestManagementPractices

CMACatchmentManagementAgency

CMSCatchmentManagementStrategy

DSEDiverseSidelineEnterprise

DWAFDepartmentofWaterAffairsandForestry

IRPIntegratedResourcePlanning

IWMIInternationalWaterManagementInstitute

IWRMIntegratedWaterResourceManagement

FAOFoodandAgricultureOrganisation

NDANationalDepartmentofAgriculture

NWANationalWaterAct（Act36of1998）

NWCDMSNationalWaterConservationandDemandManagementStrategy

NWCSFNationalWaterConservationStrategyFramework

NWRSNationalWaterResourceStrategy

PDAProvincialDepartmentofagriculture

SAIISouthAfricanIrrigationInstitute

WC/DMWaterConservationandDemandManagement

WMPWaterManagementPlan

WRCWaterResearchCommission

WUAWaterUserAssociation

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1INTRODUCTION

1.1Background

SouthAfricaisasemi-aridcountrywherewaterisofcriticalstrategicimportancetoalldevelopment,inanysectoroftheeconomy.Recognisingthepotentiallimitingeffectthatwatercouldhaveonfutureeconomicexpansioninthiscountry,itisofutmostimportancethatthisresourcebeoptimallyutilisedtothebenefitofallcurrentandfutureusers.

TheNationalWaterAct（Act36of1998）（NWA）providesforwatertobeprotected,utilised,developed,conserved,managedandcontrolled,inasustainableandequitablemanner.

Waterconservationisdefinedastheminimisationoflossorwaste,careandprotectionofwaterresourcesandtheefficientandeffectiveuseofwater.

Waterdemandmanagementisdefinedastheadaptationandimplementationofastrategy（policiesandinitiatives）byawaterinstitutiontoinfluencethewaterdemandandusageofwaterinordertomeetanyofthefollowingobjectives:

economicefficiency,socialdevelopment,socialequity,environmentalprotection,sustainabilityofwatersupplyandservices,andpoliticalacceptability.

1.3IntegratedResourcePlanning（IRP）.

TheIRPprocessisacomprehensiveformofplanningthatencompassesleast-costanalysesofdemand-sideandsupply-sidemanagementoptions.Italsoencompassesthefollowing:

∙Anopenandparticipatorydecision-makingprocess;

∙Thedevelopmentofwaterresourcealternativesthatincorporateconsiderationofacommunity'

squalityoflifeandenvironmentalissueswhichmaybeimpacteduponbytheultimatedecisionstaken;

and

∙Therecognitionofthemultipleinstitutionsconcernedwithwaterresourcesandthecompetingpolicygoalsamongstthem.

TheIRPprocessidentifiesopportunitiestoachievesocietalandenvironmentalbenefitsthroughjointutilityprogrammes.Examplesinclude:

energyandwaterpartnershipsthatconservebothenergyandwater;

waterconservationandwastewatertreatmentandreuseprogrammes,wherebothwatersupplydevelopmentandwastewatertreatmentplantcapacityexpansioncostsaresaved,and,thereallocationofexistingwatersupplyresourcesamongcompetingusers.

1.4TheIntegratedWaterResourceManagement（IWRM）.

TheIWRMistheideathatinsteadoftheusualsectoralapproachtodevelopingandmanagingwaterresources,itisnecessarytorecognisethatriverbasinsarecomplexsystems,inwhichuseofwaterforonepurposehasimportantimplicationsforotheruses.

Focusingattentiononwaterbasins（atermthatincludestheupperandlowerareasofthebasinaswellasthegroundwater）enablesasystematicapproach,consideringthesocio-economic,andhumandimensionsaswellasthephysical.Classicalefficiencyconsiderswaterflowingintodrainsasa"

loss."

Butbecauseofreuse,fromabasinperspectiveoneperson'

swasteddrainagewaterisanother'

svitalsource.Whileefficienciesatfieldlevelmaybelow,inthesamebasintheoveralleffectiveefficiencyofabasinmaybequitehigh,andthe"

real"

opportunitiestosavewaterbyimproving"

efficiency"

maythereforebelimited.

Thiswillbeparticularlysointhecaseof"

closed"

watersystems.Aspopulationandeconomicgrowthincreasethedemandforwaterbasinsevolvefrombeing"

open"

（whereunusedwaterisstillavailableforadditionaluses）tobeing"

（wherealluseableflowsarecapturedanddistributed）.Mostwaterbasinsinaridareasandmanybasinseveninnon-aridareasarebecomingclosedbasins.Thishasveryimportantpolicyimplications,asnoted.Forexample,asupstreamusesreducethequalityorquantityofflowsdownstream,differentusersbecomeincreasinglyinterdependent.

Managingthisinterdependencyisanimportantpublicfunction,whichfewdevelopingcountriesareequippedtodo.Itisverydifficulttodevelopeffectiveinstitutionalmechanismstomanagewatersystems,particularlywerepoliticaloradministrativeboundariesdonotcoincidewithwatershedboundaries,orwherecompetingpartisaninterestsarepowerfulandentrenched.

InSouthAfrica,thefollowingfactorsaggravatestheproblems,whichmustbeovercome,inplanningforthefuture:

∙Thetypicalclimateissemi-desertandtheaveragerainfallforthecountryisjustoverhalfoftheworldaverageof900mm/annum.

∙Rainfallisvariableanddroughtsfollowedbyfloodsarecommonoccurrences.

∙Thedistributionofrainfallvariessignificantlyandtheavailabilityofwaterresourcesisveryuneven,withapproximately60%ofriverflowarisingfromonly20%ofthelandarea.

∙SouthAfricahaslimitedgroundwater,whichcanbeusedforirrigation.

∙Someofthemetropolitanandindustrialgrowthcentreshavedevelopedaroundmineraldepositsandaresituatedfarfrommajorwaterresources.

∙SouthAfrica'

saverageevaporationrateexceedsitsprecipitationrate.Irrigationisthereforevitaltostabilizeandincreasetheproductionoffoodandfibre.

∙SouthAfricahasapopulationgrowthrateofbetween2and3percent.

∙SouthAfricaisadevelopingcountrywithagrowingeconomy.

∙ThelifestyleofSouthAfricansischangingcorrespondingtoanincreaseinpercapitaconsumption.

∙Thereisalargebacklogofhousingandbasicservices.

∙Non-uniformpaymentforservicesinallwaterusersectors.

1.3OverviewofthedevelopmentofwaterconservationanddemandmanagementinSouthAfrica

InMay1999DWAFdevelopedtheNationalWaterConservationStrategyFramework（NWCSF）document,whichwaswidelypublishedforcomments.ThisframeworkdocumentprovidedasolidfoundationforthedevelopmentofthefiveWaterConservationandDemandManagement（WC/DM）sectoralstrategiesviz.:

∙Agriculture,

∙Forestry,

∙Industry,MiningandPowerGeneration,

∙LocalAuthoritiesandServicesInstitutions,and

∙EnvironmentandWaterResources.

Thesectoralstrategieswillalsoexistasstandalonedocuments.ThekeyelementsofeachsectoralstrategywillbesynthesisedtoproducetheNationalWaterConservationandDemandManagementStrategy（NWCDMS）ThelatterdocumentwillbecontributedtotheNationalWaterResourceStrategy（NWRS）.ThekeyelementscontainedintheNWCDMSwillalsoserveasthedirectoratewaterconservation'

sinputtothedevelopmentofCatchmentManagementStrategy（CMS）guidelines.Theprocessesoutlinedabovearedepicteddiagrammaticallybelow.

Top

2WC/DMPOTENTIALINTHESECTOR

ThegreatestpotentialimpactofWC/DMintheagriculturalsectorcanbeachievedbyaddressingwastageduetoconveyancelossesandtheinefficientapplicationofwater.Waterwastageisclassifiedaswater,intendedtoperformaspecifictask,butnotusedforthatpurposeduetolossesintransit.Seepagefromirrigationcanalswhichcauseswater-loggingofadjacentland,islostbecauseofpercolation,evaporatesfromlandsurfaces,orbecomesdegradedinqualityofreturnflows,etc.aregoodexamplesofwastage.Similarwastagescanalsobeseeninstock-wateringsystems,butasstockwateringaccountsforlessthat1.5%ofallwaterusageinthecountry,moreemphasisisplacedonpreventingirrigationwaterwastage.

InSouthAfrica,largevolumesofwatermustbetransportedoverlargedistancesfromthewater-richeasternareastowater-poorwesternareas.Waterisofhighvalueandthepreventionoflossesandoptimalapplicationofwaterisahighpriority.Waterlossesoccurinsharedrivers,communalirrigationcanals,andon-farmfurrowsandinirrigationfields.

Theagriculturalsectoraccountsforinexcessof50%ofwaterutilisationinSouthAfricaandexperiencewaterlossesofbetween30and40%.Clearly,therefore,theeffortsandresourcesofwaterconservationanddemandmanagementmeasuresshouldfeature.

Irrigationlossesareoftenquitesignificantanditisestimatedthatlessthan60%ofwaterabstractedfromwaterresourcesiscorrectlyplaced