纽马克地翻译理论Word文件下载.docx

纽马克地翻译理论Word文件下载.docx

《纽马克地翻译理论Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《纽马克地翻译理论Word文件下载.docx（19页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

假装；

承担，担任thatalltranslatingiscommunicating,andtheoverriding最主要的，最优先的principleofanytranslationistoachieve"

equivalenteffect"

.ForNewmark,thesuccessofequivalenteffectis"

illusory"

andthat"

theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguageswillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice"

（1981:

38）.Tonarrowthegap,Newmark系统地阐述，确切地表达；

规划，构想出formulateshisconceptsof"

communicativetranslation"

and"

semantictranslation"

whichinasense从某种意义上说aresimilartoNida'

s"

dynamicequivalenttranslation"

formalequivalenttranslation"

.Newmarksadmits"

isacommonmethodandcouldbeusedinmanytypesoftranslation.Nevertheless,hejustifies证明……正当/有理，为……辩护thelegitimacy合法性，正当；

合理性，妥当；

嫡出，正统of"

inthefollowingthreeaspects.Firstly,alltranslationsdependonthethree一分为二，二分法；

本质对立dichotomies,namely,theforeignandnativecultures,thetwolanguages,thewriterandthetranslator.Hence,itisunlikelytohaveauniversaltheorythatcouldincludeallthesefactors.Secondly,previousdiscussionsonmethodsoftranslation,eitherNida'

dynamicequivalence"

orNabokow'

literaltranslation"

doesnotreflecttheactualrealityoftranslationmethod,foreachofthemeitherrecommendsoneor贬低，轻视disparagestheother.Thirdly,thesocialfactors,especiallythereadersofthesecondlanguage,onlyplayapartial部分的；

偏爱/袒/心的role发挥部分作用intranslation.Sometexts,suchasanexpressiveone,requirea"

62）.Itcanbeseenthat可以看出byproposingthecoexistenceof"

Newmarksuggestsacorrelation相互关系，关联；

相关性betweentranslationmethodandtexttype.

Itshouldbepointedoutthat应该指出的是Newmark'

ssemantictranslationdiffersfromliteraltranslation直译becausetheformer"

respectscontext"

interpretsandevenexplainswhilethelattersticksverycloselytosourcetextatwordandsyntaxlevel（1981:

62）.Literaltranslation,however,isheldtobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation,"

providedthat如果equivalenteffectissecured,theliteralword-for-wordtranslationisnotonlythebest,itistheonlyvalidmethodoftranslation"

39）.HereNewmarkseemstoonlytakeaccountof考虑到，顾及，体谅literarytranslationratherthannon-literarytranslation,whichisoftenrenderedmorefreelyinordertocommunicatethemeaning.Buthealsostatesthatwhenthereisaconflictbetweensemanticandcommunicativetranslation,thelatterwouldwinout胜出.Forinstance,itisbettertorendercommunicativelythepublicsign公共标志bissigerHundandchienmechantintobewardthedog!

inordertocommunicateefficientlythemessage,butnotsemanticallyasdogthatbites!

andbaddog!

39）.Nevertheless,itisdifficultforatranslatortofollowNewmark'

stranslationmethodsinpractice,whichshouldbeadoptedflexiblyaccordingtothespecificcontextandtexttype.

ATextbookofTranslationisanexpansionandarevisionofApproachestoTranslationinmanyaspects在很多方面.Inthisbook,Newmark,follwingtheGermanlinguistKarlBuhler'

sfunctionaltheoryoflanguage,proposesthreemaintypesoftexts（i.e.expressive有表现力的，富有表情的,informative提供大量资料或信息的，授予知识的andvocative呼格的）aswellasmethodsoftranslatingthem（Chapters4and5）.Althoughhelistsmanytranslationmethodsfromword-for-wordtranslationtoadaptation,heinsiststhat"

onlysemanticandcommunicativetranslationfulfillthetwomainaimsoftranslation,whicharefirst,accuracy,andsecond,economy"

.Whilesemantictranslationisusedforexpressivetexts,communicativetranslationisforinformativeandvocativetextsalthoughheadmitsthatfewtextsarepurelyexpressive,informativeorvocative.Bystressingthewideapplicabilityofthesetwotranslationmethods,Newmarkseemstooverlookthefunctionofothertranslationmethodsfrequentlyadoptedintranslationpractice.

Newmark'

ssemanticandcommunicativetranslationahvebeenquotedfrequentlyamongtranslationscholars.Hisconcernaboutthecoexistenceofsemanticandcommunicativetranslationshowsthatinhisvieweffect-orientedtranslation以效果为导向的翻译suchasNida'

sdynamicequivalenceshouldnotbeoverstressedintranslationpractice,butisjustonetypeoftranslation.Newmark'

stypesoftranslation,however,arelessinfluentialthanNida'

sdynamicequivalenceinthefieldoftranslationstudiesbecausethey"

raisesomeofthesamepointsconcerningthetranslationprocessandtheimportanceoftheTTreader译文读者"

（Munday2000:

46）.Further,hisviewsandcommentsarestillverytraditionalandprescriptive规定的，指定的，规范的,bearingsometracesoftraditionaltranslationtheories.Thestrengthofhiswritingliesinthathisdiscussionontranslationcoversawiderangeoftopics,andhealwaysprovidesusefuladviceandguidancefortranslator接受训练的人，实习生，培训生traineeswithalargenumberofinterestingandusefulexamples,whicharemoreconvincingthanabstracttheoreticalarguments抽象的理论论证.ThefollowingexcerptisselectedfromChapter3ofNewmark'

sApproachestoTranslation.Inthischapterhe假定，要求postulateshistwomainmethodsoftranslation（i.e.Semanticandcommunicativetranslation）,andtriestoapplythemintodifferenttypesoftext.

CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation

1.Atranslationmustgivethewordsoftheoriginal.

2.Atranslationmustgivetheideasoftheoriginal.

3.Atranslationshouldreadlikeanoriginalwork.

4.Atranslationshouldreadlikeatranslation.

5.Atranslationshouldreflectthestyleoftheoriginal.

6.Atranslationshouldpossessthestyleofthetranslation.

7.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryoftheoriginal.

8.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryofthetranslation.

9.Atranslationmayaddtooromitfromtheoriginal.

10.Atranslationmayneveraddtooromitfromtheoriginal.

11.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinprose.

12.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinverse.

（TheAirofTranslation,T.H.Savory,Cape,1968,p.54）

Inthepre-linguisticsperiodofwritingontranslation,whichmaybesaidtodatefromCicerothroughSt.Jerome,Luther,Dryden,Tytler,Herder,Goethe,Schleiermacher,Buber,OrtegayGasset,nottosaySavory,opinionswungbetweenliteralandfree,faithfulandbeautiful,exactandnaturaltranslation,dependingonwhetherthebiaswastobeinfavourof赞成theauthororthereader,thesourceorthetargetlanguageofthetext.Uptothenineteenthcentury,literaltranslationrepresentedaphilological语言学的，文献的，文学的academicexercise语言学学术活动fromwhichtheculturalreformers文化改革者weretryingtorescueliterature.Inthenineteenthcentury,amorescientificapproachwasbroughttobearon对……有影响，和……有关translation,suggestingthatcertaintypesoftextsmustbeaccuratelytranslated,whileothersshouldandcouldnotbetranslatedatall!

Sincetheriseofmodernlinguistics（philology语言学wasbecominglinguistics语言学hereinthelatefifties）,andanticipatedby预计到Tytlerin1790,Larbaud,Belloc,KnoxandRieu,thegeneralemphasis,supportedbycommunication-theoristsaswellasbynon-literarytranslators,hasbeenplacedonthereader---oninformingthereadereffectivelyandappropriately,notably显著地，明显地；

尤其，特别inNida,Firth,KollerandtheLeipzigSchool.Incontrast相反,thebrilliantessaysofBenjamin,ValeryandNabokov（anticipatedbyCroceandOrtegayGasset）advocatingliteraltranslationhaveappearedasisolated孤立的，被隔离的,paradoxicalphenomena自相矛盾的现象,relevantonlyto与……有关translatingworksofhighliteraryculture.Koller（1972）hasstatedthattheequivalent-effectprincipleoftranslationistendingtoruleout把……排除在外，排除……的可能性；

不把……考虑在内allothers,particularlythepredominanceofanyformalelementssuchaswordorstructure.

Theapparenttriumphofthe"

consumer"

is,Ithink,illusory.Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphsisonsourceandtargetlanguagewillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice.However,thegapcouldperhapsbenarrowediftheprevioustermswerereplacedasfollows:

SOURCELANGUAGEBIASTARGETLANGUAGEBIAS

LITERALFREE

FAITHFULIDIOMATIC

SEMANTIC/COMMUNICATIVE

Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntactic造句法的，句子结构的structuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextual上下文的，前后关系上的meaningoftheoriginal.

Intheory,therearewidedifferencesbetweenthetwomethods.Communicativetranslationaddressesitselfsolelytothesecondreader,whodoesnotanticipatedifficultiesorobscurities,andwouldexpectageneroustransferofforeignelementsintohisowncultureaswellashislanguagewherenecessary.Butevenherethetranslatorstillhastorespectandworkontheformof