纽马克地翻译理论Word文件下载.docx
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假装;
承担,担任thatalltranslatingiscommunicating,andtheoverriding最主要的,最优先的principleofanytranslationistoachieve"
equivalenteffect"
.ForNewmark,thesuccessofequivalenteffectis"
illusory"
andthat"
theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguageswillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice"
(1981:
38).Tonarrowthegap,Newmark系统地阐述,确切地表达;
规划,构想出formulateshisconceptsof"
communicativetranslation"
and"
semantictranslation"
whichinasense从某种意义上说aresimilartoNida'
s"
dynamicequivalenttranslation"
formalequivalenttranslation"
.Newmarksadmits"
isacommonmethodandcouldbeusedinmanytypesoftranslation.Nevertheless,hejustifies证明……正当/有理,为……辩护thelegitimacy合法性,正当;
合理性,妥当;
嫡出,正统of"
inthefollowingthreeaspects.Firstly,alltranslationsdependonthethree一分为二,二分法;
本质对立dichotomies,namely,theforeignandnativecultures,thetwolanguages,thewriterandthetranslator.Hence,itisunlikelytohaveauniversaltheorythatcouldincludeallthesefactors.Secondly,previousdiscussionsonmethodsoftranslation,eitherNida'
dynamicequivalence"
orNabokow'
literaltranslation"
doesnotreflecttheactualrealityoftranslationmethod,foreachofthemeitherrecommendsoneor贬低,轻视disparagestheother.Thirdly,thesocialfactors,especiallythereadersofthesecondlanguage,onlyplayapartial部分的;
偏爱/袒/心的role发挥部分作用intranslation.Sometexts,suchasanexpressiveone,requirea"
62).Itcanbeseenthat可以看出byproposingthecoexistenceof"
Newmarksuggestsacorrelation相互关系,关联;
相关性betweentranslationmethodandtexttype.
Itshouldbepointedoutthat应该指出的是Newmark'
ssemantictranslationdiffersfromliteraltranslation直译becausetheformer"
respectscontext"
interpretsandevenexplainswhilethelattersticksverycloselytosourcetextatwordandsyntaxlevel(1981:
62).Literaltranslation,however,isheldtobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation,"
providedthat如果equivalenteffectissecured,theliteralword-for-wordtranslationisnotonlythebest,itistheonlyvalidmethodoftranslation"
39).HereNewmarkseemstoonlytakeaccountof考虑到,顾及,体谅literarytranslationratherthannon-literarytranslation,whichisoftenrenderedmorefreelyinordertocommunicatethemeaning.Buthealsostatesthatwhenthereisaconflictbetweensemanticandcommunicativetranslation,thelatterwouldwinout胜出.Forinstance,itisbettertorendercommunicativelythepublicsign公共标志bissigerHundandchienmechantintobewardthedog!
inordertocommunicateefficientlythemessage,butnotsemanticallyasdogthatbites!
andbaddog!
39).Nevertheless,itisdifficultforatranslatortofollowNewmark'
stranslationmethodsinpractice,whichshouldbeadoptedflexiblyaccordingtothespecificcontextandtexttype.
ATextbookofTranslationisanexpansionandarevisionofApproachestoTranslationinmanyaspects在很多方面.Inthisbook,Newmark,follwingtheGermanlinguistKarlBuhler'
sfunctionaltheoryoflanguage,proposesthreemaintypesoftexts(i.e.expressive有表现力的,富有表情的,informative提供大量资料或信息的,授予知识的andvocative呼格的)aswellasmethodsoftranslatingthem(Chapters4and5).Althoughhelistsmanytranslationmethodsfromword-for-wordtranslationtoadaptation,heinsiststhat"
onlysemanticandcommunicativetranslationfulfillthetwomainaimsoftranslation,whicharefirst,accuracy,andsecond,economy"
.Whilesemantictranslationisusedforexpressivetexts,communicativetranslationisforinformativeandvocativetextsalthoughheadmitsthatfewtextsarepurelyexpressive,informativeorvocative.Bystressingthewideapplicabilityofthesetwotranslationmethods,Newmarkseemstooverlookthefunctionofothertranslationmethodsfrequentlyadoptedintranslationpractice.
Newmark'
ssemanticandcommunicativetranslationahvebeenquotedfrequentlyamongtranslationscholars.Hisconcernaboutthecoexistenceofsemanticandcommunicativetranslationshowsthatinhisvieweffect-orientedtranslation以效果为导向的翻译suchasNida'
sdynamicequivalenceshouldnotbeoverstressedintranslationpractice,butisjustonetypeoftranslation.Newmark'
stypesoftranslation,however,arelessinfluentialthanNida'
sdynamicequivalenceinthefieldoftranslationstudiesbecausethey"
raisesomeofthesamepointsconcerningthetranslationprocessandtheimportanceoftheTTreader译文读者"
(Munday2000:
46).Further,hisviewsandcommentsarestillverytraditionalandprescriptive规定的,指定的,规范的,bearingsometracesoftraditionaltranslationtheories.Thestrengthofhiswritingliesinthathisdiscussionontranslationcoversawiderangeoftopics,andhealwaysprovidesusefuladviceandguidancefortranslator接受训练的人,实习生,培训生traineeswithalargenumberofinterestingandusefulexamples,whicharemoreconvincingthanabstracttheoreticalarguments抽象的理论论证.ThefollowingexcerptisselectedfromChapter3ofNewmark'
sApproachestoTranslation.Inthischapterhe假定,要求postulateshistwomainmethodsoftranslation(i.e.Semanticandcommunicativetranslation),andtriestoapplythemintodifferenttypesoftext.
CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation
1.Atranslationmustgivethewordsoftheoriginal.
2.Atranslationmustgivetheideasoftheoriginal.
3.Atranslationshouldreadlikeanoriginalwork.
4.Atranslationshouldreadlikeatranslation.
5.Atranslationshouldreflectthestyleoftheoriginal.
6.Atranslationshouldpossessthestyleofthetranslation.
7.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryoftheoriginal.
8.Atranslationshouldreadasacontemporaryofthetranslation.
9.Atranslationmayaddtooromitfromtheoriginal.
10.Atranslationmayneveraddtooromitfromtheoriginal.
11.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinprose.
12.Atranslationofverseshouldbeinverse.
(TheAirofTranslation,T.H.Savory,Cape,1968,p.54)
Inthepre-linguisticsperiodofwritingontranslation,whichmaybesaidtodatefromCicerothroughSt.Jerome,Luther,Dryden,Tytler,Herder,Goethe,Schleiermacher,Buber,OrtegayGasset,nottosaySavory,opinionswungbetweenliteralandfree,faithfulandbeautiful,exactandnaturaltranslation,dependingonwhetherthebiaswastobeinfavourof赞成theauthororthereader,thesourceorthetargetlanguageofthetext.Uptothenineteenthcentury,literaltranslationrepresentedaphilological语言学的,文献的,文学的academicexercise语言学学术活动fromwhichtheculturalreformers文化改革者weretryingtorescueliterature.Inthenineteenthcentury,amorescientificapproachwasbroughttobearon对……有影响,和……有关translation,suggestingthatcertaintypesoftextsmustbeaccuratelytranslated,whileothersshouldandcouldnotbetranslatedatall!
Sincetheriseofmodernlinguistics(philology语言学wasbecominglinguistics语言学hereinthelatefifties),andanticipatedby预计到Tytlerin1790,Larbaud,Belloc,KnoxandRieu,thegeneralemphasis,supportedbycommunication-theoristsaswellasbynon-literarytranslators,hasbeenplacedonthereader---oninformingthereadereffectivelyandappropriately,notably显著地,明显地;
尤其,特别inNida,Firth,KollerandtheLeipzigSchool.Incontrast相反,thebrilliantessaysofBenjamin,ValeryandNabokov(anticipatedbyCroceandOrtegayGasset)advocatingliteraltranslationhaveappearedasisolated孤立的,被隔离的,paradoxicalphenomena自相矛盾的现象,relevantonlyto与……有关translatingworksofhighliteraryculture.Koller(1972)hasstatedthattheequivalent-effectprincipleoftranslationistendingtoruleout把……排除在外,排除……的可能性;
不把……考虑在内allothers,particularlythepredominanceofanyformalelementssuchaswordorstructure.
Theapparenttriumphofthe"
consumer"
is,Ithink,illusory.Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphsisonsourceandtargetlanguagewillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice.However,thegapcouldperhapsbenarrowediftheprevioustermswerereplacedasfollows:
SOURCELANGUAGEBIASTARGETLANGUAGEBIAS
LITERALFREE
FAITHFULIDIOMATIC
SEMANTIC/COMMUNICATIVE
Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntactic造句法的,句子结构的structuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextual上下文的,前后关系上的meaningoftheoriginal.
Intheory,therearewidedifferencesbetweenthetwomethods.Communicativetranslationaddressesitselfsolelytothesecondreader,whodoesnotanticipatedifficultiesorobscurities,andwouldexpectageneroustransferofforeignelementsintohisowncultureaswellashislanguagewherenecessary.Butevenherethetranslatorstillhastorespectandworkontheformof