Lesson SevenWord文档格式.docx
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表示四倍以上的依此类推。
到2000年，我国的生产总值将是1980年的四倍。
到2000年，我国的国民生产总值将在1980年的基础上翻两番。
到2000年，我国的国民生产总值将比1980年增加三倍。
By2000,ourGNPwillhavebeenfourtimes/fourfoldasmuchasitwasin1980.
By2000,ourGNPin1980willhavebeenquadrupled.
By2000,ourGNPwillhaveincreasedby300%over1980.
我们现在的工资是十年前的五倍。
我们现在的工资比10年前增加了四倍。
Oursalariesarenowfivetimes/fivefoldasmanyaswhattheyweretenyearsago.
Oursalariesarenowfivetimes/fivefoldthosetenyearsago.
我国要养活的人口是那个国家的7.5倍。
Wehavetofeed7.5-foldthenumberofpeopleinthatcountry.
2.Readthefollowingfigures
5:
65to6
160wpm160wordsperminute
120kph120kilometersperhour
100mph100milesperhour
300kg/sqcm300kilogramspercentimeter
LessonEight
1.InterpretingIndefiniteNumbers（不确定数字）
1）InterpretingApproximateNumbers（大约）
CH:
约、大约、大概、来、左右……
ENG:
about,around,roughly,approximately,some,moreorless,intheneighborhoodof,orso,orthereabout,intherough…
2）InterpretingNumbersSmallerthanRoundNumbers（少于）
少于、低于、不到、不及、不足、以下……
fewerthan,lessthan,under,below,within…
3）InterpretingNumberswiththeMeaningof“Nearly”（将近）
近、快、将近、几乎、差不多、差一点儿、差一点儿不到……
nearly,almost,toward,closeon…
4）InterpretingIndefiniteNumbersWhichMean“MoreThan”（多于）
多于、大于、高于、超过、多、以上……
morethan,over,above,upwardsof,andmore,odd,andodd…
5）InterpretingNumbersWhichAreBetweenParticularNumbers（介于）
到、至、介于…之间……
from…to…,（anywhere）between…and…
2.Expressions:
达到reach,total,number,total,peakat,be…intotal
占%:
accountfor,takeup;
constitute;
makeup
上升：
rise,increase,climb,jump,skyrocket,augment,up
下降:
fall,drop,decline,decrease,precipitate,down
稳定/波动:
levelout/off,remainstable,fluctuate,stand/stayat,toreachapeak
LessonTen
Note-taking
1.Necessityoflearningnote-taking
Whileitisessentialforaninterpretertobeabletousehis/hershort-termmemory,itishighlyimportantforhim/hertobeabletousenotestohelpremembering,especiallywhentheinputislongerthanwhattheshort-termmemorycanmanage.
Foraninterpreter,itcannotbestressedmorethattakingnotesisonlyameanstosupplementorenhancememoryortoremindhim/herofthereceivedinformation.Theactoftakingnotesshouldnottakeuptoomuchofattentionoreffort.
Takingnotesisbynomeansaneasyjob.
2.Distinctfeaturesofnote-takingininterpreting
Note-takingisessentiallydifferentfromshorthandinthatthelatteremploysacompletelydifferentsystemofsymbolswhichneedtobedecipheredthemselves.Note-taking,ontheotherhand,providesthebestsolutiontotheproblemofspeedandaccuracy.
3.Suggestedlanguagetobeusedinnote-taking
Thereisnoabsoluteruleonwhetherthenotesshouldbetakeninthetargetlanguageorthesourcelanguage.Itdependsonthepreferenceofindividualinterpreters.Forinstance,onhearingtheChinesecharacter“我”,wefinditmuchquickertowriter“I”thanitsChineseequivalent,whichinvolvesmanystrokes.Thesameistrueof“中国人民解放军”and“中华人民共和国”,whichcanbemuchmoreeasilyrepresentedbytheirEnglishinitials“PLA”and“PRC”respectively.ButwhenitcomestotheEnglishphrase“betweenourtwocountries”,itisdoubtlesslymoreconvenientandtimesavingtouseChinese.Thusthephrasecanbewrittenas“2□间”.
4.Suggestedwaystotakenotes
Aninterpretershouldnottakenotesindiscriminately.He/Sheshould,firstofall,makealogicalanalysisoftheoriginalspeechsoastofollowthespeaker’sflowofthoughts.Thenhe/sheshouldtrytocatchthekeywordswhichcontainthemessageofthespeech.He/Sheshouldwritewordsorsymbolssparinglyandtakenotesinawaythateachwordorsymbolrepresentsakeywordorasensegroup.Veryoften,oneortwolettersofakeyEnglishwordoronecharacterofasensegroupinChineseisenoughtohelptheinterpreterremembertheoriginalsentence.Specialattentionshouldbegiventopersonalnames,places,figures,time,andthenamesoforganizations.
Forexample,“中国的对外政策是一贯的，有三句话，第一句话是反对霸权主义，第二句话是维护世界和平，第三句话是加强同第三世界的团结和合作，或者叫联合和合作。
”Innoteform,thewholesentencecanbeputinto:
中f.p.一贯；
3句。
1）反h2）维p
3）↑团&
co./联→3rdW.//
Itisalsonecessarytopointoutthataninterpretershouldtryhis/herbesttorememberthebeginningandtheendofaspeech.Transitionalwordsorphrasessucha“but”,“so”,“if”and“aslongas”areofspecialimportanceinindicatingthelogicalrelationshipbetweendifferentsensegroupsandhelpinginterpretersrmemberwhathasbeensaid.Inordertofacilitatenote-taking,wemightaswellusesomesimplewordstostandforvariousgroupsoftransitionalexpressions.
if
solongas
onconditionthat
provided/providingthat
incase
tho
although
though
eventhough
while
inspiteof
despite
to
Soasto
inorderto/that
sothat
due
because
as
since
for
forthisreason
nowthat
owingto
thanksto
so
thus
therefore
hence
Asaresultof
consequently
but
nevertheless
still
however
yet
evenso
onthecontrary
ontheotherhand
Forexample:
5.Suggestedformatsfornote-taking
Itisadvisableforaninterpretertotakenotesincolumnssothateachsensegrouprepresentedbyakeywordorsymbolinthenotesoccupieshalfalineorevenoneline,andthatthenextsensegroupisnotedinanotherline.Aninterpretercanalsodividethepaperintotwohalvesbydrawingaverticallineinthemiddle.Inwhichevercase,he/shemustmakesuretodrawtwoshortslantinglinestomarkthendofasentence.
Format1
//
Format2
////
6.Suggestedsymbolsandabbreviationstobeusedinnote-taking
1）Thearrow“→”
→
出口，输出
打入
出国
到达
前往，派遣
交给…
屈服于
运往
导致
exportto
enter
arrive
presentto
giveto
submitto
sendto
leadto,resultin,cause
←
来自，源于
进口
收到
回归/到
comefrom,originatein
importfrom
receivefrom
comebackto
↑
增长
扩大
提高，发展
升起
加强
上涨
发射
起飞
升空
提拔，晋升
grow
expand
develop
rise,goup
strengthen,improve
increase
launch
ascend
skyrocket
promote
↓
向下
轰炸
跳水
下跌
下降
减少
恶化
降职
削/裁减
dropto
bomb
jump
decrease
descend
godown
deteriorate
demote
reduce
2）Mathematicalsymbols
+
加上
另外
除此之外
plus
and,inadditionto
furthermore
-
减去
缺乏/少
minus
lack
×
不对的，错的
坏的，不好的
臭名昭著的
incorrect,wrong
bad
notorious
>
大于
超过
好于，优于
越来越
Greater,larger
morethan
betterthan,surpass,superiorto
moreandmore
<
小/少于
不如，次于，逊色
smaller/fewer/lessthan
worsethan,inferiorto
≥
多/大于或等于
morethanorequalto
≤
少/小于或等于
lessthanorequalto
=
等于
相当于
是…的对手
equalto,equal
thesameas
amatch/rival/competitiorfor
≠
不等于
不是…的对手
notequalto
notmatchfor
≈
大约，左右
approximately,around,orso
∵
由于，因为
as,because,owingto,dueto,thanksto
∴
所以，因此，结果
consequently,so,therefore,asaresult
3）PunctuationMarks
colon
：
说/讲
告诉，认为
宣称，声明
抗议
譬如……，象……
say,speak
tell
declare
protest
suchas,like
questionmark
？
问题
疑问
问
question
doubt
ask
fullstop
.
观点，意见
主意，论点
难点
viewpoint,opinion
idea
difficultpoint
exclamationmark
!
usedtodrawattention
elevateddash
comma
apostrophe
’
usedtoreplacefigures
brackets
（）
包括
在…之中/内
封闭，闭关自守
including
in,within,inside
seclusion
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