HOW TO SPEAK AND WRITE CORRECTLYWord文档下载推荐.docx

HOW TO SPEAK AND WRITE CORRECTLYWord文档下载推荐.docx

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CHAPTERIIITHESENTENCEDifferentkinds.ArrangementofwordsParagraph

CHAPTERIVFIGURATIVELANGUAGEFiguresofspeech.Definitionsandexamples.Useoffigures

CHAPTERVPUNCTUATIONPrincipalpoints.Illustrations.Capitalletters

CHAPTERVILETTERWRITINGPrinciplesofletterwriting.Forms.Notes

CHAPTERVIIERRORSMistakes.Slipsofauthors.Examplesandcorrections.Errorsofredundancy

CHAPTERVIIIPITFALLSTOAVOIDCommonstumblingblocks.Peculiarconstructions.Misusedforms

CHAPTERIXSTYLEDiction.Purity.Propriety.Precision

CHAPTERXSUGGESTIONSHowtowrite.Whattowrite.Correctspeakingandspeakers

CHAPTERXISLANGOrigin.Americanslang.Foreignslang

CHAPTERXIIWRITINGFORNEWSPAPERSQualification.Appropriatesubjects.Directions

CHAPTERXIIICHOICEOFWORDSSmallwords.Theirimportance.TheAnglo-Saxonelement

CHAPTERXIVENGLISHLANGUAGEBeginning.DifferentSources.Thepresent

CHAPTERXVMASTERSANDMASTERPIECESOFLITERATUREGreatauthors.Classification.Theworld'

sbestbooks

INTRODUCTION

Inthepreparationofthislittleworkthewriterhaskeptoneendinview,viz.:

Tomakeitserviceableforthoseforwhomitisintended,thatis,forthosewhohaveneitherthetimenortheopportunity,thelearningnortheinclination,toperuseelaborateandabstrusetreatisesonRhetoric,Grammar,andComposition.Tothemsuchworksareasgoldenclosedinchestsofsteelandlockedbeyondpowerofopening.Thisbookhasnopretensionaboutitwhatever,--itisneitheraManualofRhetoric,expatiatingonthedogmasofstyle,noraGrammarfullofarbitraryrulesandexceptions.Itismerelyanefforttohelpordinary,everydaypeopletoexpressthemselvesinordinary,everydaylanguage,inapropermanner

Somebroadrulesarelaiddown,theobservanceofwhichwillenablethereadertokeepwithinthepaleofproprietyinoralandwrittenlanguage

Manyidiomaticwordsandexpressions,peculiartothelanguage,havebeengiven,besideswhichanumberofthecommonmistakesandpitfallshavebeenplacedbeforethereadersothathemayknowandavoidthem

Thewriterhastoacknowledgehisindebtednesstonoonein_particular_,buttoallin_general_whohaveeverwrittenonthesubject

Thelittlebookgoesforth--afinger-postontheroadoflanguagepointingintherightdirection.Itishopedthattheywhogoaccordingtoitsindexwillarriveatthegoalofcorrectspeakingandwriting

CHAPTERIREQUIREMENTSOFSPEECH

Vocabulary--PartsofSpeech--RequisitesItisveryeasytolearnhowtospeakandwritecorrectly,asforallpurposesofordinaryconversationandcommunication,onlyabout2,000differentwordsarerequired.Themasteryofjusttwentyhundredwords,theknowingwheretoplacethem,willmakeusnotmastersoftheEnglishlanguage,butmastersofcorrectspeakingandwriting.Smallnumber,youwillsay,comparedwithwhatisinthedictionary!

ButnobodyeverusesallthewordsinthedictionaryorcouldusethemdidhelivetobetheageofMethuselah,andthereisnonecessityforusingthem

Thereareupwardsof200,000wordsintherecenteditionsofthelargedictionaries,buttheone-hundredthpartofthisnumberwillsufficeforallyourwants.Ofcourseyoumaythinknot,andyoumaynotbecontenttocallthingsbytheircommonnames;

youmaybeambitioustoshowsuperiorityoverothersanddisplayyourlearningor,rather,yourpedantryandlackoflearning.Forinstance,youmaynotwanttocallaspadeaspade.Youmayprefertocallitaspatulousdeviceforabradingthesurfaceofthesoil.Better,however,tosticktotheoldfamiliar,simplenamethatyourgrandfathercalledit.Ithasstoodthetestoftime,andoldfriendsarealwaysgoodfriends

Touseabigwordoraforeignwordwhenasmalloneandafamiliaronewillanswerthesamepurpose,isasignofignorance.Greatscholarsandwritersandpolitespeakersusesimplewords

Togobacktothenumbernecessaryforallpurposesofconversationcorrespondenceandwriting,2,000,wefindthatagreatmanypeoplewhopassinsocietyasbeingpolished,refinedandeducateduseless,fortheyknowless.Thegreatestscholaralivehasn'

tmorethanfourthousanddifferentwordsathiscommand,andheneverhasoccasiontousehalfthenumber

IntheworksofShakespeare,themostwonderfulgeniustheworldhaseverknown,thereistheenormousnumberof15,000differentwords,butalmost10,000ofthemareobsoleteormeaninglesstoday

Everypersonofintelligenceshouldbeabletousehismothertonguecorrectly.Itonlyrequiresalittlepains,alittlecare,alittlestudytoenableonetodoso,andtherecompenseisgreat

Considerthecontrastbetweenthewell-bred,politemanwhoknowshowtochooseandusehiswordscorrectlyandtheunderbred,vulgarboor,whoselanguagegratesupontheearandjarsthesensitivenessofthefinerfeelings.Theblundersofthelatter,hisinfringementofallthecanonsofgrammar,hisabsurditiesandmonstrositiesoflanguage,makehisverypresenceapain,andoneisgladtoescapefromhiscompany

ThepropergrammaticalformationoftheEnglishlanguage,sothatonemayacquithimselfasacorrectconversationalistinthebestsocietyorbeabletowriteandexpresshisthoughtsandideasuponpaperintherightmanner,maybeacquiredinafewlessons

Itisthepurposeofthisbook,asbrieflyandconciselyaspossible,todirectthereaderalongastraightcourse,pointingoutthemistakeshemustavoidandgivinghimsuchassistanceaswillenablehimtoreachthegoalofacorrectknowledgeoftheEnglishlanguage.ItisnotaGrammarinanysense,butaguide,asilentsignal-postpointingthewayintherightdirection

THEENGLISHLANGUAGEINANUTSHELLAll

thewordsintheEnglishlanguagearedividedintoninegreatclasses.TheseclassesarecalledthePartsofSpeech.TheyareArticle,Noun,Adjective,Pronoun,Verb,Adverb,Preposition,ConjunctionandInterjection.Ofthese,theNounisthemostimportant,asalltheothersaremoreorlessdependentuponit.ANounsignifiesthenameofanyperson,placeorthing,infact,anythingofwhichwecanhaveeitherthoughtoridea.TherearetwokindsofNouns,ProperandCommon.CommonNounsarenameswhichbelongincommontoaraceorclass,as_man_,_city_.ProperNounsdistinguishindividualmembersofaraceorclassas_John_,_Philadelphia_.Intheformercase_man_isanamewhichbelongsincommontothewholeraceofmankind,and_city_isalsoanamewhichiscommontoalllargecentresofpopulation,but_John_signifiesaparticularindividualoftherace,while_Philadelphia_denotesaparticularonefromamongthecitiesoftheworld

NounsarevariedbyPerson,Number,Gender,andCase.Personisthatrelationexistingbetweenthespeaker,thoseaddressedandthesubjectunderconsideration,whetherbydiscourseorcorrespondence.ThePersonsare_First_,_Second_and_Third_andtheyrepresentrespectivelythespeaker,thepersonaddressedandthepersonorthingmentionedorunderconsideration

_Number_isthedistinctionofonefrommorethanone.Therearetwonumbers,singularandplural;

thesingulardenotesone,thepluraltwoormore.Thepluralisgenerallyformedfromthesingularbytheadditionof_s_or_es_

_Gender_hasthesamerelationtonounsthatsexhastoindividuals,butwhilethereareonlytwosexes,therearefourgenders,viz.,masculine,feminine,neuterandcommon.Themasculinegenderdenotesallthoseofthemalekind,thefemininegenderallthoseofthefemalekind,theneutergenderdenotesinanimatethingsorwhateveriswithoutlife,andcommongenderisappliedtoanimatebeings,thesexofwhichforthetimebeingisindeterminable,suchasfish,mouse,bird,etc.Sometimesthingswhicharewithoutlifeasweconceiveitandwhich,properlyspeaking,belongtotheneutergender,are,byafigureofspeechcalledPersonification,changedintoeitherthemasculineorfemininegender,as,forinstance,wesayofthesun,_He_isrising;

ofthemoon,_She_issetting

_Case_istherelationonenounbearstoanotherortoaverbortoapreposition.Therearethreecases,the_Nominative_,the_Possessive_andthe_Objective_.Thenominativeisthesubjectofwhichwearespeakingortheagentwhichdirectstheactionoftheverb;

thepossessivecasedenotespossession,whiletheobjectiveindicatesthepersonorthingwhichisaffectedbytheactionoftheverb

An_Article_isawordplacedbeforeanountoshowwhetherthelatterisusedinaparticularorgeneralsense.Therearebuttwoarticles,_a_or_an_and_the_

An_Adjective_isawordwhichqualifiesanoun,thatis,whichshowssomedistinguishingmarkorcharacteristicbelongingtothenoun

DEFINITIONSA_Pronoun_isawordusedfororinsteadofanountokeepusfromrepeatingthesamenountoooften.Pronouns,likenouns,havecase,number,genderandperson.Therearethreekindsofpronouns,_personal_,_relative_and_adjective_

A_verb_isawordwhichsignifiesactionorthedoingofsomething.Averbisinflectedbytenseandmoodandbynumberandperson,thoughthelattertwobelongstrictlytothesubjectoftheverb

An_adverb_isawordwhichmodifiesaverb,anadjectiveandsometimesanotheradverb

A_preposition_servestoconnectwordsandtoshowtherelationbetweentheobjectswhichthewordsexpress

A_conjunction_isawordwhichjoinswords,phrases,clausesandsentencestogether

An_interjection_isawordwhichexpressessurpriseorsomesud