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theygainnewstructures.Andoneofthemainreasonsourbraingotsobigisbecauseitgotanewpart,calledthefrontallobe.Andparticularly,apartcalledthepre-frontalcortex.Nowwhatdoesapre-frontalcortexdoforyouthatshouldjustifytheentirearchitecturaloverhaulofthehumanskullintheblinkofevolutionarytime
Well,itturnsoutthepre-frontalcortexdoeslotsofthings,butoneofthemostimportantthingsitdoesisitisanexperiencesimulator.Flightpilotspracticeinflightsimulatorssothattheydontmakerealmistakesinplanes.Humanbeingshavethismarvelousadaptationthattheycanactuallyhaveexperiencesintheirheadsbeforetheytrythemoutinreallife.Thisisatrickthatnoneofourancestorscoulddo,andthatnootheranimalcandoquitelikewecan.Itsamarvelousadaptation.Itsuptherewithopposablethumbsandstandinguprightandlanguageasoneofthethingsthatgotourspeciesoutofthetreesandintotheshoppingmall.
Now--(Laughter)--allofyouhavedonethis.Imean,youknow,BenandJerrysdoesnthaveliver-and-onionicecream,anditsnotbecausetheywhippedsomeup,trieditandwent,Yuck.Itsbecause,withoutleavingyourarmchair,youcansimulatethatflavorandsayyuckbeforeyoumakeit.
Letsseehowyourexperiencesimulatorsareworking.LetsjustrunaquickdiagnosticbeforeIproceedwiththerestofthetalk.HerestwodifferentfuturesthatIinviteyoutocontemplate,andyoucantrytosimulatethemandtellmewhichoneyouthinkyoumightprefer.Oneofthemiswinningthelottery.Thisisabout314milliondollars.Andtheotherisbecomingparaplegic.So,justgiveitamomentofthought.Youprobablydontfeellikeyouneedamomentofthought.
Interestingly,therearedataonthesetwogroupsofpeople,dataonhowhappytheyare.Andthisisexactlywhatyouexpected,isntitButthesearentthedata.Imadetheseup!
Thesearethedata.Youfailedthepopquiz,andyourehardlyfiveminutesintothelecture.Becausethefactisthatayearafterlosingtheuseoftheirlegs,andayearafterwinningthelotto,lotterywinnersandparaplegicsareequallyhappywiththeirlives.
Now,dontfeeltoobadaboutfailingthefirstpopquiz,becauseeverybodyfailsallofthepopquizzesallofthetime.Theresearchthatmylaboratoryhasbeendoing,thateconomistsandpsychologistsaroundthecountryhavebeendoing,haverevealedsomethingreallyquitestartlingtous,somethingwecalltheimpactbias,whichisthetendencyforthesimulatortoworkbadly.Forthesimulatortomakeyoubelievethatdifferentoutcomesaremoredifferentthaninfacttheyreallyare.
Fromfieldstudiestolaboratorystudies,weseethatwinningorlosinganelection,gainingorlosingaromanticpartner,gettingornotgettingapromotion,passingornotpassingacollegetest,onandon,havefarlessimpact,lessintensityandmuchlessdurationthanpeopleexpectthemtohave.Infact,arecentstudy--thisalmostfloorsme--arecentstudyshowinghowmajorlifetraumasaffectpeoplesuggeststhatifithappenedoverthreemonthsago,withonlyafewexceptions,ithasnoimpactwhatsoeveronyourhappiness.
WhyBecausehappinesscanbesynthesized.SirThomasBrownwrotein1642,Iamthehappiestmanalive.Ihavethatinmethatcanconvertpovertytoriches,adversitytoprosperity.IammoreinvulnerablethanAchilles;
fortunehathnotoneplacetohitme.Whatkindofremarkablemachinerydoesthisguyhaveinhishead
Well,itturnsoutitspreciselythesameremarkablemachinerythatalloffushave.Humanbeingshavesomethingthatwemightthinkofasapsychologicalimmunesystem.Asystemofcognitiveprocesses,largelynon-consciouscognitiveprocesses,thathelpthemchangetheirviewsoftheworld,sothattheycanfeelbetterabouttheworldsinwhichtheyfindthemselves.LikeSirThomas,youhavethismachine.UnlikeSirThomas,youseemnottoknowit.(Laughter)
Wesynthesizehappiness,butwethinkhappinessisathingtobefound.Now,youdontneedmetogiveyoutoomanyexamplesofpeoplesynthesizinghappiness,Isuspect.ThoughImgoingtoshowyousomeexperimentalevidence,youdonthavetolookveryfarforevidence.
Asachallengetomyself,sinceIsaythisonceinawhileinlectures,ItookacopyoftheNewYorkTimesandtriedtofindsomeinstancesofpeoplesynthesizinghappiness.Andherearethreeguyssynthesizinghappiness.Iamsomuchbetteroffphysically,financially,emotionally,mentallyandalmosteveryotherway.Idonthaveoneminutesregret.Itwasagloriousexperience.Ibelieveitturnedoutforthebest.
WhoarethesecharacterswhoaresodamnhappyWell,thefirstoneisJimWright.Someofyouareoldenoughtoremember:
hewasthechairmanoftheHouseofRepresentativesandheresignedindisgracewhenthisyoungRepublicannamedNewtGingrichfoundoutaboutashadybookdealhehaddone.Helosteverything.ThemostpowerfulDemocratinthecountry,helosteverything.Helosthismoney;
helosthispower.WhatdoeshehavetosayalltheseyearslateraboutitIamsomuchbetteroffphysically,financially,mentallyandinalmosteveryotherway.WhatotherwaywouldtherebetobebetteroffVegetablyMinerallyAnimallyHesprettymuchcoveredthemthere.
MoreeseBickhamissomebodyyouveneverheardof.MoreeseBickhamutteredthesewordsuponbeingreleased.Hewas78yearsold.Hespent37yearsinaLouisianaStatePenitentiaryforacrimehedidntcommit.Hewasultimatelyexonerated,attheageof78,throughDNAevidence.AndwhatdidhehavetosayabouthisexperienceIdonthaveoneminutesregret.Itwasagloriousexperience.Glorious!
Thisguyisnotsaying,Well,youknow,thereweresomeniceguys.Theyhadagym.Itsglorious,awordweusuallyreserveforsomethinglikeareligiousexperience.
HarryS.Langermanutteredthesewords,andhessomebodyyoumighthaveknownbutdidnt,becausein1949hereadalittlearticleinthepaperaboutahamburgerstandownedbythesetwobrothersnamedMcDonalds.Andhethought,Thatsareallyneatidea!
Sohewenttofindthem.Theysaid,Wecangiveyouafranchiseonthisfor3,000bucks.HarrywentbacktoNewYork,askedhisbrotherwhosaninvestmentbankertoloanhimthe3,000dollars,andhisbrothersimmortalwordswere,Youidiot,nobodyeatshamburgers.Hewouldntlendhimthemoney,andofcoursesixmonthslaterRayCrochadexactlythesameidea.Itturnsoutpeopledoeathamburgers,andRayCroc,forawhile,becametherichestmaninAmerica.
Andthenfinally--youknow,thebestofallpossibleworlds--someofyourecognizethisyoungphotoofPeteBest,whowastheoriginaldrummerfortheBeatles,untilthey,youknow,senthimoutonanerrandandsnuckawayandpickedupRingoonatour.Well,in1994,whenPeteBestwasinterviewed--yes,hesstilladrummer;
yes,hesastudiomusician--hehadthistosay:
ImhappierthanIwouldhavebeenwiththeBeatles.
Okay.Theressomethingimportanttobelearnedfromthesepeople,anditisthesecretofhappiness.Hereitis,finallytoberevealed.First:
accruewealth,power,andprestige,thenloseit.(Laughter)Second:
spendasmuchofyourlifeinprisonasyoupossiblycan.(Laughter)Third:
makesomebodyelsereally,reallyrich.(Laughter)Andfinally:
nevereverjointheBeatles.(Laughter)
OK.NowI,likeZeFrank,canpredictyournextthought,whichis,Yeah,right.Becausewhenpeoplesynthesizehappiness,asthesegentlemenseemtohavedone,weallsmileatthem,butwekindofrolloureyesandsay,Yeahright,youneverreallywantedthejob.Ohyeah,right.Youreallydidnthavethatmuchincommonwithher,andyoufiguredthatoutjustaboutthetimeshethrewtheengagementringinyourface.
Wesmirkbecausewebelievethatsynthetichappinessisnotofthesamequalityaswhatwemightcallnaturalhappiness.WhatarethesetermsNaturalhappinessiswhatwegetwhenwegetwhatwewanted,andsynthetichappinessiswhatwemakewhenwedontgetwhatwewanted.Andinoursociety,wehaveastrongbeliefthatsynthetichappinessisofaninferiorkind.WhydowehavethatbeliefWell,itsverysimple.Whatkindofeconomicenginewouldkeepchurningifwebelievedthatnotgettingwhatwewantcouldmakeusjustashappyasgettingit
WithallapologiestomyfriendMatthieuRicard,ashoppingmallfullofZenmonksisnotgoingtobeparticularlyprofitablebecausetheydontwantstuffenough.Iwanttosuggesttoyouthatsynthetichappinessiseverybitasrealandenduringasthekindofhappinessyoustumbleuponwhenyougetexactlywhatyouwereaimingfor.Now,Imascientist,soImgoingtodothisnotwithrhetoric,butbymarinatingyouinalittlebitofdata.
Letmefirstshowyouanexperimentalparadigmthatisusedtodemonstratethesynthesisofhappinessamongregularoldfolks.Andthisisntmine.Thisisa50-year-oldparadigmcalledthefreechoiceparadigm.Itsverysimple.Youbringin,say,sixobjects,andyouaskasubjecttorankthemfromthemosttotheleastliked.Inthiscase,becausetheexperimentImgoing