GMAT曼哈顿语法总结必胜最终版717文档格式.docx
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certain
May:
uncertain
Must:
absolutelynecessary
Should:
morallyobligated（ontheGMAT,shouldalmostalwaysmeans“morallyobligation”,notlikelihood）
Would:
hypothetical
Payattentiontotheoriginalsentence’shelpingverbs—andonlychangethemiftheoriginalsentenceisobviouslynonsensical.
句子中任何一个词的位置的变化也会改变句子的含义：
Allthechildrenarecoveredinmud.
Thechildrenareallcoveredinmud.
OnlythecouncilvotesonThursdays.
ThecouncilvotesonlyonThursdays.
Ifawordchangesitspositionintheanswerchoices,considerwhetherthechangehasanimpactonthemeaningofthesentence.Lookoutespeciallyforshortwordsthatquantifynounsorotherwiserestrictmeaning
Thecouncilgrantedtherighttomakelegalpetitionstocityofficials.（有歧义，改成：
ThecouncilgrantedCITYOFFICIALStherighttomakelegalpetitions.OrTherighttomakelegalpetitionstoCITYOFFICIALSwasgrantedbythecouncil.
句子含义一定要合乎逻辑（wemustrememberthatthesubjectandtheverbmustmakesensetogether）
句子含义：
避免多余（norightanswerontheGMATwillcontainredundantwords）
比较常见的多余的形式是使用同一含义的词，比如：
Thevalueofthestockroseby10%increase.
应改为：
Thevalueofthestockincreaseby10%,orthevalueofthestockroseby10%.
再如：
Thethreepricessumtoatotalof$11.56
Thethreepricessumto$11.56.OrThethreepricestotal$11.56
表示时间的词汇：
要注意一句话中只能出现一次表示同一含义的词，如果还要出现，则必须要有道理才行。
（PureredundancyisalwayswrongontheGMAT）
Past:
previously,formerly,inthepast,beforenow
Present:
now,currently,presently,atpresent
Yearly:
annualeachyear,ayear
简洁原则：
ConcisionispreferenceonSCproblems.However,somepeoplearebetteroffneverapplyingitontheGMAT）
自己总结：
从逻辑找句义，从语法判断句子是否正确书写，简洁原则是最后关注的），一切都服从句义。
Problemset
1.Howmatterhowmuchworkitmayrequire,gettingMBAturnsoutto
beawiseinvestmentformostpeople（correct,但是不太明白那个it代表什么）
2.Eventhoughitrequiresmuchwork,gettingMBAturnsouttobea
wiseinvestmentformostpeople（incorrect,因为它改变了句子的原意）
3.Sheisthemostdedicatedgardenerontheblock,everydaywatering
themorethan50plantsinheryard.（correct,morethan修饰50plantsinheryard）
4.Sheisthemostdedicatedgardenerontheblock,everydaywatering
morethanthe50plantsinheryard.（incorrect,morethan修饰the50plantsinheryard，隐含的意思是除了给50浇水之外，还给其他东西浇水，改变了句子的含义）
5.HectorremembersSanFranciscoasitwaswhenhelefttenyears
ago.（correct,不太明白这句话的含义）
6.StudentsatCarverHighSchoolareencouragedtopursueonlythoseextracurricularactivitiesfromwhichstemssuccessincollegeapplications.（correct,个人认为是倒装，详细见第三章的flipit）
7.StudentsatCarverHighSchoolareencouragedtopursueonlythoseextracurricularactivitiesfromwhichsuccessincollegeapplicationsstems.（correct,flipit）
第三章主语和谓语的一致
任何一个句子里，主语和谓语必须在逻辑上和语义上都是makesense的
一、一个句子中主语和谓语必须都有，否则为fragment:
GMAT错误句子常见方式：
1.droptheverbs:
Theelectronnamedin1894.
2.连词开头且没有主句：
becausethedogwasnevermine
二、主语和谓语必须合理makesense
Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.（incorrect）
Oncedeveloped,ahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.（correct）
三、主语和谓语必须在数量上一致
GMAToftentriestoconfuseyoubeforeyoumakethesubject-verbmatch.
如何找句子中的主语呢：
1.eliminatethemiddlemen,andskipthewarmup
GMAThidesthesubjectinafewways:
themostcommonwaybyfaristoinsertwordsbetweenthesubjectandtheverb:
介词短语：
（NearGalway）,thehouses（ontheroadtoSpiddle）aregorgeous.
从句：
（likeprepositionsphrases,manysubordinateclausesmodifyotherpartsofthesentence,actingasbigadjorbigadv.Somesubordinateclausesevenactasbignouns）
（Whentheauditorsleft）,theexecutive（whohadbeeninterviewed）wasglad.
其他修饰语：
例如现在分词，过去分词等修饰语，往往利用逗号可以很好的找到修饰语。
（Limping,）thehorse（onceconsideredoneofthefavorites）wastakenaway.
2.利用结构来判断主语
Anouninaprepositionalphrasecannotbethesubjectofthesentence.（后文有例外）
Inthewaningdaysoftheemperor’slife,theconquest（ofnewlandsonthebordersoftheempire）wasconsideredvital.
Thetidalforces（towhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeissubjected）aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.
3.Andvs.Additivephrases
只有AND改变主语的复数形式，其他表示“和”的词语都只是修饰，可以省略看待。
Additivephrases:
alongwith,inadditionto…,aswellas…,accompaniedby…,togetherwith…,including…
Onlythewordandcanchangeasingularsubjectintoapluralone.Singularsubjectsfollowedbyadditivephrasesremainsingularsubjects.
Example:
Joe,aswellashisfriends,isgoingtothebeach.
Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandsciences,isarequiredsubject.
表示“学科、疾病、一些活动（如杂技）”等词都是单数形式。
Rules:
（1）Or,either…or,neither…nor:
就近原则
Neitherthecoachnortheplayersaregoingtothebeach.
Neithertheplayersnorthecoachisgoingtothebeach.
（2）Either,neither…:
总是单数
（3）集合名词：
总是单数：
Agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,team,baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture…
（例外：
如果句义强调集合名词中的个体，则使用复数，但是本考试中，结合名词一般是单数的含义）
Thecrowdinthestandsischeeringloudlyasthehometeamtakesthefield.
OurArmyofahundredthousandsoldiersisattackingtheenemy.
（4）不定代词：
Anyone,anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing,each,every,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,whatever,whoever,either,neither（单独使用）
例外：
someof,anyof,noneof,allof,moreof,mostof…
谓语动词视后面的名词而定。
（sanamof…的主语是后面的名词）
Someofthemoneywasstolenfrommywallet
Someofthedocumentswerestolenfromthebank
Anyofthesewomenisasuitablecandidateformarriagetomyson.
Notoneofmyfriendsisherethisweekend.
（5）each,every:
总是单数
Everydoghaspaws.
Everydogandcathaspaws.
Eachoftheseshirtsispretty.
注意：
Theyeacharegreattennisplayers.Each是插入语，可以省略。
（6）数量词和短语
Thenumberof…is（单数，主语是thenumber）
Anumberof…are（复数，主语是复数）
表述数量的词，如：
half,majority,minority,plurality谓语动词的形式看其前面的名词是复数还是单数。
（原则同sanam+of短语）
Halfofthepieisblueberry,andhalfoftheslicesarealreadygone.
Themajorityofthestudentsinthisclassarehardworkers.
IntheSenate,themajorityhascoalescedintoaunifiedvotingblock.
（7）主语从句和短语：
谓语动词总是单数
Havinggoodfriendsisawonderfulthing.
Whatevertheywanttodoisfinewithme.
3.flipit倒装句的谓语动词总是看其真正的主语，跟主语的数的形式一致
NearthosebuildingssitsaLonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.
Thereareayoungmanandanolderwomenatthebusstop.
Pongisaclassicgamefromwhichhavedescendedmanycurrentcomputerpastimes.
Problemsset
Computergamesdesignedtoinvolvemanyplayersatoncehaveproliferated;
suchgameswerefirstdevelopedbeforethewidespreadavailabilityofhigh-speedinternetconnection.（correct,主语和谓语逻辑合理）
第四章平行结构
Gmat中考得最多的知识点就是平行结构
一、平行结构的指示词
Makers
structures
Examples
and
XandY
X,y,andz
Applesandpears
Apples,pearsandbanans
Both/and
Bothxandy
Bothapplesandpears
or
Xory
Either/or
Eitherxory
Eitherapplesorpears
Not/but
Notxbuty
Notapplesbutpears
Notonly/butalso
Notonlyxbutalsoy
Notonlyapplesbutalsopears
Ratherthan
Xratherthany
Applesratherthanpears
From/to
Fromxtoy
Fromapplestopears
最主要的平行指示词是and,but,or,然而不要拘泥于这样的结构，anyconstructionthatexpressestwoorthreethingsinthesamewayrequiresparallelism.
二、哪些东西可以平行呢？
名词、形容词、动词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句
Thedivisionwasopeningoffices,hiringstaff,andinvestinginequipment.
Therailroadcaneitherlosemoremoneyorsolvesitsproblems.
Theywantedtoincreaseawareness,sparkinterest,andmotivatepurchases.
IwanttoretiretoaplacewhereIcanrelaxandwhereIpaylowtaxes.
TherearemanypeoplewhospeakEnglishbutwhoseparentsdonot.
Ralphlikesboththosewhoarepopularandthosewhoarenot.
三、and的用法
list
Apples,pears,andbananas
X,y,z,andw
Apples,pears,bananas,andpeaches
在所列事务中最后一个前面必须加AND，如果是2个从句，则两句话中间可以在AND前加逗号，也可以不加。
Ifyoujoin2clauseswithand,youcanputanoptionalcommabeforetheand.（如果句子很长，且独立，则需要加逗号）
Ireallylikecandyapples,andIeatthemoften.
Shearguesthattheagencyactswithrecklessabandonandwithdisregardforhumanlifeandproperty,andthatitshouldthereforebeshutdown.
四、其他类型的平行结构指示词
Xactsasy
Distinguishxfromy
Xisthesameasy
Asx,soy
Estimatextobey
Xisgood,andsotooisy
Betweenxandy
Xinsteadofy
X,suchasy
Comparedtox,y
Xisknowntobey
Thinkofxasy
Considerxy
Xislessthany
Xisthoughttobey
Incontracttox,y
Makexy
Viewxasy
Declarexy
Mistakexfory
Whetherxory
Xdevelopsintoy
Notonlyx,butalsoy
Thecommaisoptional
Xdiffersfromy
Regardxasy
五、表明的平行结构与真实的平行结构
虽然在表面上看是从平行结构的指示词中看出是平行结构，但是实际上，是从句子的句义中看出是不是平行结构的，也就是说虽然句子有平行结构的指示词，但实际上也许不是平行结构，所以一定要从句义着手判断。
Salappliedhimselfinhisnewjob,arrivingearlyeveryday,skip
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