环境工程文献翻译原文Word格式.docx

环境工程文献翻译原文Word格式.docx

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InstituteofFoodChemistry,TechnicalUniuersityofBerlin,Sekr.TIB4/3-1,Gustau-Meyer-Allee25,13355Berlin,Germany

Received21January2002;

receivedinrevisedform24January2002;

accepted25January2002

Abstract

Theoccurrenceandfateofpharmaceuticallyactivecompounds（PhACs）intheaquaticenvironmenthasbeenrecognizedasoneoftheemergingissuesinenvironmentalchemistry.InsomeinvestigationscarriedoutinAustria,Brazil,Canada,Croatia,England,Germany,Greece,Italy,Spain,Switzerland,TheNetherlands,andtheU.S.,morethan80compounds,pharmaceuticalsandseveraldrugmetabolites,havebeendetectedintheaquaticenvironment.SeveralPhACsfromvariousprescriptionclasseshavebeenfoundatconcentrationsuptotheµ

g/l-levelinsewageinfluentandeffluentsamplesandalsoinseveralsurfacewaterslocateddownstreamfrommunicipalsewagetreatmentplants（STPs）.ThestudiesshowthatsomePhACsoriginatingfromhumantherapyarenoteliminatedcompletelyinthemunicipalSTPsandare,thus,dischargedascontaminantsintothereceivingwaters.Underrechargeconditions,polarPhACssuchasclofibricacid,carbamazepine,primidoneoriodinatedcontrastagentscanleachthroughthesubsoilandhavealsobeendetectedinseveralgroundwatersamplesinGermany.PositivefindingsofPhACshave,however,alsobeenreportedingroundwatercontaminatedbylandfillleachatesormanufacturingresidues.Todate,onlyinafewcasesPhACshavealsobeendetectedattrace-levelsindrinkingwatersamples.©

2002ElsevierScienceIrelandLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:

PhACs;

Sewagecontaminants;

Bankfiltration;

Surface,ground-anddrinkingwater

1.Introductionandbackground

Inrecentyears,theoccurrenceandfateofpharmaceuticallyactivecompounds（PhACs）intheaquaticenvironmenthasbeenrecognizedasoneoftheemergingissuesinenvironmentalchemistry（StanandHeberer,1997;

Halling-Sø

rensenetal.,1998;

DaughtonandTernes,1999;

DaughtonandJones-Lepp,2001;

Ku¨

mmerer,

E-mailaddress:

heberer@foodchemistry.de（T.Heberer）.

2001;

Verstraetenetal.,inpress）.Thedisposalofunusedmedicationviathetoiletseemstobeofminorimportancebutmanyofthepharmaceuti-calsappliedinhumanmedicalcarearenotcom-pletelyeliminatedinthehumanbody.Oftentheyareexcretedonlyslightlytransformedorevenunchangedmostlyconjugatedtopolarmolecules（e.g.asglucoronides）.Theseconjugatescaneasilybecleavedduringsewagetreatmentandtheorigi-nalPhACswillthenbereleasedintotheaquaticenvironmentmostlybyeffluentsfrommunicipal

0378-4274/02/$-seefrontmatter©

2002ElsevierScienceIrelandLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:

S0378-4274（02）00041-3

sewagetreatmentplants（STPs）.Severalinvestiga-tionshaveshownsomeevidencethatsubstancesofpharmaceuticaloriginareoftennoteliminatedduringwastewatertreatmentandalsonotbiode-gradedintheenvironment（Ternes,1998a;

Zwieneretal.,2000;

Heberer,inpress）.Underrechargeconditions,residuesofPhACsmayalsoleachintogroundwa-teraquifers（Verstraetenetal.,inpress）.Thus,theyhavealreadybeenreportedtooccuringround-anddrinkingwatersamplesfromwaterworksusingbankfiltrationorartificialground-waterrechargedownstreamfrommunicipalSTPs（HebererandStan,1997;

Hebereretal.,1997;

Heberer,inpress）.

ThepresenceofPhACsfromhumanmedicalcareingroundwatermay,however,alsobecausedbyothersourcessuchaslandfillleachates（Eckeletal.,1993;

Holmetal.,1995;

AhelandJelicic,2001）ormanufacturingresidues（Red-dersenetal.,submitted）.Nowadays,andespe-ciallyintheindustrializedcountries,strongregulationsandadvancedmanufacturingprac-ticesshallpreventsuchspills.Inthepast,regula-tionswerenotasstrongandinseveralcasesthe

releaseofproductionresidueswaseithertoleratedorevenaccepted.SuchspillscouldresultinSu-perfundsiteswhichmayberesponsibleforto-day’sfindingsofPhACresiduesintheenvironment（Reddersenetal.,submitted）.ButtheoccurrenceofpharmaceuticalresiduesintheenvironmentmayalsobecausedbyagricultureapplyinglargeamountsofPhACsasveterinarydrugsandfeedadditivesinlivestockbreeding.Fig.1showspossiblesourcesandpathwaysfortheoccurrenceofPhACresiduesintheenviron-ment.

Threeyearsago,DaughtonandTernes（1999）wroteacomprehensivereviewonPhACsandpersonalcareproducts（PCPs）intheenvironmentandalsomentionedsomefutureresearchneeds.Inthemeantime,somenewdataontheoccur-rence,fate,andremovalofPhACsintheaquaticenvironmenthavebeenpublished.Thispapergivesanoverviewonthecurrentstateofthescientificknowledge.ItisrestrictedtoPhACsoriginatingfromhumanapplicationandcompilesmostrecentdataandinformationfromsomescientificstudiesandprojectscarriedoutinEu-ropeandtheU.S.

Fig.1.Schemeshowingpossiblesourcesandpathwaysfortheoccurrenceofpharmaceuticalresiduesintheaquaticenvironment.

2.OccurrenceofPhACsinsewage,surface,ground-anddrinkingwater

TheoccurrenceofthePhACsintheaquaticenvironmenthasbeeninvestigatedinseveralstud-iesinAustria,Brazil,Canada,Croatia,England,Germany,Greece,Italy,Spain,Switzerland,TheNetherlandsandtheU.S.Morethan80PhACsfromvariousprescriptionclasseshavebeende-tecteduptotheµ

g/l-levelinsewage,surfaceandgroundwater.

2.1.Analgesicsandanti-inflammatorydrugs

ThissectioncompilesdatafromPhACsprimar-ilyusedaspainkillers.Mostanalgesicsalsohaveanti-inflammatoryandantipyreticproperties.Largeamountsofpainkillersareprescribedinhumanmedicalcarebutoftentheyaresoldatmuchhigherquantitieswithoutprescriptionasso-called‘over-the-counter’（OTC）drugs.InGer-many,prescriptiondataisaccessibleviathehealthinsurancecompaniesbutonlyroughesti-mationsarepossibleforthoseamountsofdrugsdonatedasmedicationinhospitalsorsoldasOTCdrugs（StanandHeberer,1997）.

Acetaminophen（paracetamol）andacetylsaly-cylicacid（ASA）arethetwomostpopularpainkillersmainlysoldasOTCdrugs.InGermany,thetotalquantitiesofASAsoldperyearhavebeenestimatedat>

500tons（Ternes,2001）.Nev-ertheless,otheranalgesicssuchasdiclofenacoribuprofensoldinGermanyatannualquantitiesofapproximately75and180tons,respectively（Ter-nes,2001）,havebeenrecognizedasbeingmoreimportantforthewater-cycle.ASAwasdetectedatamedianconcentrationofonly0.22µ

g/linsewageeffluentsinGermany（Ternes,1998a）.Inthesamestudy,themedianconcentrationofASAinsurfacewatersampleswasbelowthedetectionlimits.

Asapro-drug,ASAis,however,easilyde-gradedbydeacetylationintoitsmoreactiveformsalicylicacidandintotwoothermetabolitesnamelyortho-hydroxyhippuricacidandthehy-droxylatedmetabolitegentisicacid.Ternes（1998a）,Ternesetal.（1998b）detectedsalicylicacid,ortho-hydroxyhippuricacidandgentisicacid

insewageinfluentsamplesatconcentrationsupto

54,6.8,and4.6µ

g/l,respectively.Ternesetal.（1998b）observedthatallthreecompoundswereefficientlyremovedbythemunicipalSTPsandonlysalicylicacidwasdetectedatverylowcon-centrationsinsewageeffluentsandalsoinrivers.Heberer（inpress）alsoreportedaverageconcen-trationsofonly0.04µ

g/lforsalicylicacidinsewageeffluents.Butinthisstudy,theaverageinfluentconcentrationsof0.34µ

g/lwererelativelylow,too.Ontheotherhand,muchhigherconcen-trationsofsalicylicacidupto13µ

g/lwerede-tectedinsewageeffluentsinGreeceandSpain（Farre´

etal.,2001;

Hebereretal.,2001a）.ResiduesofsalicylicaciddonotnecessarilyhavetoderivefromASA.Othersourcessuchastheuseofsalicylicacidaskeratolytic,dermatice,andpreservativeoffoodoritsnaturalformationareevenmorelikelytoberesponsiblefortheoccur-renceofthiscompoundintheaquaticenviron-ment（Heberer,inpress）.

Theothermostprominentpainkilleracetamin-ophenisalsoeasilydegradedandremovedbytheSTPs.IninvestigationsofsewageeffluentsandriversinGermany,acetaminophenwasonlyde-tectedinlessthan10%ofallsewageeffluentsandnotdetectedinriverwater（Ternes,1998a）.Ininvestigationsof142streamsintheU.S.suscepti-bleforcontaminationsbymunicipalsewageeffluents,Kolpinetal.（inpress）detectedacet-aminophenin17%ofallsamplesatmaximumconcentrationsupto10µ

g/l.

Approximately,75tonsoftheprescriptiondrugdiclofenacareannuallysoldinGermany（Ternes,

2001）.Inlong-termmonitoringinvestigationsofsewageandsurfacewatersamplesfromBerlin,Germany,Hebereretal.（inpressb）identifieddiclofenacasoneofthemostimportantPhACpresentinthewater-cycle.Averageconcentrationsof3.02and2.51µ

g/lweredetectedintheinfluentsandeffluentsofthemunicipalSTPs,respectively.Thislowremovalrateofonly17%demonstratesthepersistenceofdiclofenacintheSTPsandwasalsor