英语语法主谓一致Word下载.docx
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Thejuryhasaskedmoretime.
Thejuryareunabletoagree.
Fiftyminutesisn’tenoughtimetofinishthistest.
“Seniorcitizens”meanspeopleoversixty.
1.3就近原则
指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语的单、复数形式,而不是与充当主语的名词短语中心词相一致。
Notjustthestudentsbuteventheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.
NeitherJulianorIamgoing.
Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.
﹡Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.
但是在实际应用中,语法一致原则与其他两个原则经常发生矛盾,这时语法一致是应遵循的根本原则。
下面从几个容易引起疑难问题的方面来进一步阐述主谓一致关系。
2.并列主语和谓语动词的一致
2.1and连接的并列主语与谓语动词的一致
a.由and或both…and连接的并列结构作主语,指两个或两个以上的人或物,谓语动词用复数。
Thefoodand(the)textileindustrydependmainlyonagricultureforrawmaterial.
Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwodifferentthings.
Rain,hailandwindhavecausedanestimated$22,000damagetocropsandlivestock.
Warandpeacearealternativesbetweenwhichmanmustconstantlychoose.
b.作主语的并列结构表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数。
这时并列主语前常只有一个冠词或限定词,或者没有冠词或限定词。
Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromtheflagpole.
Theironandsteelindustryplaysanimportantpartinournationaleconomy.
Mycolleagueandfriendisneardeath’sdoor.
TheBatandBallsellsgoodbeer.
Warandpeaceisaconstanttheme.
Hamandeggisagoodbreakfast.
Fishandchips(adishoffood)isverypopularinNorway.
Whiskyandsoda(adrink)ismyfavouritedrink.
Peachesandcreamisdelicious.
Totryandfailisbetterthannottryatall.
c.有一些由and连接的并列主语,其单、复数意义不很明确,只能根据上下文判定。
Afriendandhelperwas/werestandingnearby.
Thesecretaryandaccountantofthecompanywas/werepresent.
Hisagedservantandthesubsequenteditorofhiscollectedpaperswas/werewithhimathisdeathbed.
d.有的并列主语(常为抽象名词)前只有一个或者没有冠词或限定词,虽然表示单一概念,但既可接单数动词,又可接复数动词。
Hercalmnessandconfidenceis/areastonishing.
Timeandtidewaits/waitfornoman.
Lawandorderhas/havebeenestablished.
Thesafetyandhappinessofthewholedepends/dependoneachindividual’seffort.
e.有时并列主语中省略了重复的并列名词、修饰语,或者只有一个冠词,但它们不能表示结合成一体的概念,只能被视为不同事物或个体,只能接复数动词。
Good(taste)andbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.
Amanand(a)womanaretalkinginthelivingroom.
Whiteandbrownsugarareacceptableforthisrecipe.
Theshort-term(loan)andthelong-termloanarehandledverydifferentlybythebank.
Theshort-termand(the)long-termloan…
AmericanandDutchbeeraremuchlighterthanBritishbeer.
Theredand(the)whiterosearebeautiful.(Aredroseandawhiterose…)
﹡BeerfromAmericaandHollandismuchlighterthanBritishbeer.
﹡Theredandwhiteroseisbeautiful.(Arosewithredandwhitecolour…)
f.在there,here和where结构中:
正式语体,不管并列主语中的名词是单数还是复数,谓语动词都用复数形式;
非正式语体,如果并列主语中的第一个主语是单数,谓语动词就用单数形式。
Insidethereare/isadesk,atableandtwochairs.
Therewere/wasbothcourageanddignityinhermanner.
(Thereismoregraceandlesscarelessness.)
Hereare/isJohnandMary.
﹡但当主语前带有限定词oneortwo时,谓语动词只能用复数形式。
Thereareoneortwosubjectsonwhichyouareboundtohavebutoneopinion.
g.如果并列主语中的第二个主语前有not,谓语动词的单、复数形式应和not前的主语相一致。
Theteacher,andnotthestudentsdesignstheexaminationquestions.
Itisyou,notIwhoareafraidtopursuethissubjectfurther.
h.并列名词词组前有each,every,manya,no,morethanone等限定词时,随后的动词常用单数。
Everyboyand(every)girlinthisclassisentitledtoacopy.
Everyman,woman,andchildinthiscommunityisnowawareoftheterribleconsequencesofthehabitofsmoking.
Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.
Nomanandnowomanhaseverbrokensucharecord.
i.并列wh-分句作主语,一般用复数动词;
一个含有并列谓语的wh-分句作主语,接单数动词。
Whathesaysandwhathedoesaretwodifferentthings.
WhatIsayandwhatIthinkaremyownaffair.
Whathesaysandthinksisnobusinessofyours.
WhatIsayanddoismyownaffair.
﹡WhatIsayorwhatIthinkisnobusinessofyours.
j.当“oneand+分数∕百分数”这种结构作主语时,只能接复数谓语动词。
因为复数的概念不是至少两个,而是一个以上。
HewentawayonJune,15,andoneandahalfmonthshavepassed,andit’sJuly30.
Oneandahalfyearshavepassedsincewelastmet.
(oneandahalf+复数名词作主语,接复数动词)
﹡HewentawayonJune15,andnowamonthandahalfhaspassed,andit’sJuly30.
Ayearandahalfhaspassedsincewelastmet.
(a+单数名词+andahalf作主语,接单数动词)
2.2and以外的并列连词连接的并列主语与谓语动词的一致
a.由or,either…or,nor,neither…nor,not…but,notonly…but(also)连接的并列主语,其谓语动词通常采用就近原则。
Johnorhisbrothersaretoblame.
Wereyouorheonduty?
Youorheisondutytoday.
AmIoryouresponsible?
Eitheryourbrakesoryoureyesightisatfault.
Notanyflowersnorevenabladeofgrassistobeseenthere.
Neithertheplayersnorthecoachwasoverconfident.
NotAngelabutherparentswanttolosefatbuttheyjustcan’tcontroltheirappetite.
Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.
﹡但是在非正式语体中,either…or,neither…nor连接的并列主语,即使均为单数主语,所接动词可用复数形式。
EitheryouorIam/aregoing.
Neitherhenorhiswifehas/haveseensuchafilm.
NeitherJeannorJamesfinishes/finishtheworkproperly.
b.当主语后面跟有with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,inadditionto,asmuchas,except,but,ratherthan,nolessthan引导的词组时,该词组被视为从属结构。
随后的谓语动词形式通常采用语法一致的原则,即依主语本身的单、复数形式而定。
Theheadmasterwiththerestofthestaffwashavingaheateddiscussion.
Thepresident,togetherwithhisadvisors,ispreparingastatementonthecrisis.
Thefather,aswellashissons,isgoingtoenroll.
Thebarn,inadditiontothehouse,wasburned.
Someoftheworkersasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsiblefortheloss.
Man,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,istheproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.
Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslatefordinner.
Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.
3.以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致
有一些以-s结尾的名词,它们当中有的作单数意义,有的作复数意义,有的既可接单数动词又可接复数动词,其意义基本相同或不同。
3.1以–s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
a.以–s结尾的疾病名称,如arthritis(关节炎),bronchitis(支气管炎),mumps(腮腺炎),diabetes(糖尿病),measles等,通常接单数动词;
但也有一些疾病名称后既可接单数动词,也可接复数动词。
Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.
Generally,measlesoccursinchildren.
Measlesaresometimescausedbytapeworm.
b.以–s结尾的游戏名称通常接单数动词;
但也有个别这样的名称接复数动词。
Dartsisessentiallyafreeandeasygame.
Marblesisoneoftheoldestgamesandwasnotconfinedtochildren.
Cardsarenotallowedhere.
﹡当darts,marbles等用于做这些游戏所用的“镖”或“弹子”等意义时,随后的动词用复数形式。
Threedartsarethrownateachturn.
Marblesvaryinkindandquality.
3.2以–ics结尾的学科名称
以–ics结尾的学科名称,如athletics,economics,linguistics,mathematics,mechanics,physics,politics,statistics等,通常作单数意义,接单数动词;
但若这类名词表示学科以外的其他意义,便可作复数用。
Mathematicsisthestudyofnumbers.
Athleticsisarequiredcourseofstudentsofallgrades.
Mymathematicsis/arerathershaky.
Athleticshavebeengreatlypromotedatthiscollege.
Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.
Statisticsshowthatthenumberofhousewiveswhoworkpart-timehasincreasedinthelastfewyearsintheU.S.
3.3以–s结尾的地理名称
以–s结尾的表示国名、组织等政治实体的地理名称,通常作单数;
以–s结尾的表示山脉、群岛、海峡、瀑布等地理名称,通常用作复数。
TheUnitedStatesisacountryofpeoplewithvariedorigins.
InJanuary1976,theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1953.
TheWestIndies,apartfromtheBahamas,arecommonlydividedintotwoparts.
TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.
TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostfamouswaterfallsintheworld.
﹡但“奥运会”无论含不含games都接复数动词。
TheOlympicGamesareaninternationalsportscompetition.
TheOlympicswerestartedagaininthenineteenthcentury.
3.4其他以–s结尾的名词
a.一些由两部分组成的物体名称通常是以–s结尾,如glasses,pincers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等。
这类名词通常用作复数;
如果这类名词前有单位词,如apairof,twopairsof,则由单位词的单、复数形式决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。
Joe’snewtrousersareblackandwhite.
Onepairofscissorsisn’tenough.
b.由–s结尾的名词,如archives,arms,clothes,contents,fireworks,goods,morals,remains,stairs,suburbs,thanks,wages,通常用作复数。
Thearchivesofthissocietyarekeptinthebasement.
Thecontentsofthisbookaremostfascinating.
Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.
Histhanksweremostprofuse.
﹡但也有不少这类名词,用作单、复数均可,如whereabouts,dramatics等。
Hiswhereaboutswere/wasknownonlytohisparents.
Thedramaticsoftheperformancewere/wasmarvelous.
c.凡是由–ing结尾的名词,如clippings,diggings,earnings,filings,lodgings,savings,surroundings,sweepings等,通常用作复数;
但tidings(消息)既可用作复数,也可用作单数。
Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyburnt.
Thesweepingsofthegodownhavebeendisposedof.
Goodtidingshavecheeredthemup.
Thetidingshascomealittletoolate.
d.还有一些以–s结尾的单、复数同形的名词,如barracks,headquarters,manners,means,series,species,works,随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名词在句中是用作单数意义还是复数意义。
Abarrackswasstormedbytheenemytroops.
Twobarracksinthesuburbshavebeensurrounded.
Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelabuse.
Therearetwoseriesofreaders:
oneforbeginnersandoneforadvancedstudents.
Anewspeciesofbutterflyhasbeenfound.
Altogether,about120speciesofseasnailareknown.
﹡但有少数这类名词,用作单数或复