完整版本科毕业设计中英文翻译高层建筑.docx

完整版本科毕业设计中英文翻译高层建筑.docx

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完整版本科毕业设计中英文翻译高层建筑

外文资料翻译

High-RiseBuildings

Introduction

Itisdifficulttodefinea3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.

Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orabuildinggetsaorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinevenmorepronouncedeffect.

Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthebracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels（orevenallpanels）withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.

Unfortunately,thisisnotisforratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenordertomadeaexcessofthatrequiredforlow-risebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityload,suchaswalls,columns,andshafts,willneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullmoresignificant.

Withreinforcedconcrete,thequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumberofstoriesincreases.Buttheweightofmaterialaddedforgravityloadismuchmoresizablethansteel,whereasforwindloadtheincreaseforlateralforceresistanceisnotthatmuchmoresincetheweightofaconcretebuildings.Ontheotherforearthquakeforces.Additionalmassintheupperfloorswillgiverisetoagreateroveralllateralforceundertheofseismiceffects.

Inthecaseofeitherconcreteorsteeldesign,therearecertainbasicprinciplesforprovidingadditionalresistancetolateraltolateralforcesanddeflectionsineconomy.

1.Increasetheeffectivewidthofthemoment-resistingsubsystems.Thisisveryusefulbecauseincreasingthewidthwillcutdowntheoverturnforcedirectlyandwillreducedeflectionbythethirdpowerofthewidthincrease,otherthingsremainingcinstant.However,thisdoesrequirethatverticalcomponentsofthewidenedsubsystembesuitablyconnectedtoactuallygainthisbenefit.

2.Designsubsystemssuchthatthecomponentsaremadetointeractinthemostefficientmanner.Forexample,usetrusssystemswithchordsanddiagonalsefficientlystressed,placereinforcingforwallsatcriticallocations,andoptimizestiffnessratiosforrigidframes.

3.Increasethematerialinthemosteffectiveresistingcomponents.Forexample,materialsaddedinthelowerfloorstotheflangesofcolumnsandconnectinggirderswilldirectlydecreasetheoveralldeflectionandincreasethemomentresistancewithoutcontributingmassintheupperfloorswheretheearthquakeproblemisaggravated.

4.Arrangetotheprimarymoment-resistingcomponents.Thiswill-resistingcomponents.

5.Thelocalshearineachstorycanbebestresistedbystrategicplacementifsolidwallsortheuseofdiagonalmembersinaverticalsubsystem.Resistingtheseshearssolelybyverticalmembersinbendingisusuallylesseconomical,sinceachievingsufficientbendingresistanceinthecolumnsandconnectinggirderswillrequiremorematerialandconstructionenergythanusingwallsordiagonalmembers.

Sufficientshouldbeprovidedfloor.Thiswilltheaboveprinciplesarejudiciouslyapplied,structurallydesirableschemescanbeobtainedbywalls,cores,rigidframes,tubularconstruction,andotherverticalsubsystemstoachievesubsequentsectionsinthefollowing.

Shear-WallSystems

Whenshearwallsarecompatiblewithotherfunctionalrequirements,theycanbeeconomicallyutilizedtoresistlateralforcesinwalls.Whensomeofthesearedesignedtobesolid,theycanactasshearwallstoresistlateralforcesandtocarrytheverticalloadaswell.Forbuildingsuptosome20storise,theuseofshearwallsiscommon.Ifgivensufficientlength,suchwallscaneconomicallyresistlateralforcesupto30to40storiesormore.

However,shearwallscanresistlateralloadonlytheplaneofthewalls（i.e.notinadiretionperpendiculartothem）.Therefore,itisalwaysnecessarytoprovideshearwallsintwoperpendiculardirectionscanbeatleastinsufficientorientationsothatlateralforceinanydirectioncanberesisted.Inaddition,thatwalllayoutshouldreflectconsiderationofanytorsionaleffect.

Indesignprogress,twoormoreshearwallscanbeconnectedtofromL-shapedorchannel-shapedsubsystems.Indeed,internalshearwallscanbeconnectedtofromarectangularshaftthatwillresistlateralforcesveryefficiently.Ifallexternalshearwallsarecontinuouslyconnected,thenthewholebuildingsactsastube,andconnec