国际经贸法律英语Uni3.docx

国际经贸法律英语Uni3.docx

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国际经贸法律英语Uni3

IBAGROUND

1.InternationalMarineCargoTransport

国际海上货物运输。

国际货物运输是指采用一种或多种运输方式将货物从一国或地区运至另一国或地区的某一地点。

国际货物运输涉及多种运输方式，包括海运（marinetransport）、空运（airtransport）、铁路运输（railtransport）、公路运输（roadtransport）、邮政运输（parcelposttransport）、内陆水道运输（如江河运输、湖泊运输）（inlandwaterwaytransport）、管道运输（pipetransport）、国际多式联运（internationalmulti-modaltransport）等。

其中，海上运输为最重要的运输方式，它具有货运量大、成本低等优点，国际贸易业务中约有三分之二的货物采用海运。

此外，现在的运输规则也大都是从海运发展起来的。

因此，本单元重点讨论国际海运方面的实务和法律知识。

2.linertransportandchartertransport

班轮运输和租船运输。

班轮运输是指货轮按固定的航线、固定的停靠港口、固定的航运时间表及相对固定的费率进行航行。

租船运输又称不定期船（tramp）运输，它没有班轮运输中的“四个固定”，而需经过租船人（charterer）与船东（shipowner）在租船契约（charterparty）中进行约定。

租船运输主要有定程租船、定期租船、光船租船三中形式。

3.W/T,M/T,A/V

分别为weightton,measurementton,AdValorem的缩略词，译为“重量吨”、“尺码吨”、“从价”，可理解为：

货物的运费按货物毛重、货物体积、货物价值计收。

4.longlengthsurcharge,overweightsurcharge,currencyadjustmentfactor,optionalcharge,portcongestionsurcharge,transshipmentsurcharge,bunkeradjustmentfactor,alternationsurcharge,andportsurcharge

超长附加费、货币贬值附加费、选择港附加费、港口拥挤费、转船附加费、燃油附加费、变更卸货港附加费及港口附加费。

5.liner’sfreighttariff

班轮运价表

6.Trampvesselsareengagedundercharteronatime,voyageordemisebasis

租船运输采用定期租船、定程租船或光船租船的方式。

7.Consignee

收货人。

8.Freightprepaidortocollect

运费付讫、运费到付。

9.OnboardB/LandReceivedforshipmentB/L

已装船提单和备运提单

10.StraightB/L,OrderB/LandOpenB/L

记名提单、指示提单、不记名提单。

11CleanB/LandUncleanB/L.

清洁提单和不洁提单

12.Carrier’sresponsibilities

承运人责任

13.Thecarriershall,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,exerciseduediligencetomaketheshipseaworthy,properlyman,equipandsupplytheshipandtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.

承运人在开航前和开航时，应当谨慎处理，使船舶处于适航状态，妥善配备船员、装备船舶和配备供应品，并使货舱、冷藏舱、冷气舱和其他载货处所适于并能安全收受、载运和保管货物。

14.Forcemajeure

不可抗力。

15.exoneratefromtheliability

免除责任。

16.beartheburdenofproof

承担举证责任。

17.bejointlyliable

连带责任。

18.Internationalconventionsonmarinetransport

国际海运公约。

国际货物海上运输规则主要包括1924年的《海牙规则》（HagueRules），1968年的《维斯比规则》（VisbyRules）及1978年的《汉堡规则》（HamburgRules）。

我国未参加上述三个公约，但我国的海商法在有关班轮运输方面的法律规定，借鉴了这三个规则的相关内容。

19.imperfectliabilitywithfault

不完全过错责任。

20.presumedliabilitywithfault

推定过错责任。

II.CONTENT

Therearedifferentwaystocarrythegoodstotheirdestination,suchasmarinetransport,landtransport,airtransportandmulti-modetransport,etc.Inchoosingonemodeoftransport,oneshallconsidersuchelementsastheavailabilityofthetransportvehicles,thetimeoftransport,thequantityofthegoodsandthesafetyofthegoods,etc.

1.ModesofMarinetransport

Marinetransportfallsintotwogroups:

linertransportandchartertransport2.Linersoperateonascheduledservicebetweenagroupofports.Linerssailonthescheduleddatesandtimesirrespectiveofwhethertheshipsarefullornot.Therespectiveobligationsandliabilitiesoftheconsignorsandthecarriersarelistedinthebillofladingissuedbythelinercompanies.

Thefreightoflinerscomprisesbasicchargesandadditionalcharges.Thereareseveralwaystobeusedtocalculatethebasiccharges.ThecargoesareusuallychargedbyW/T,M/T,A/V3,thenumbersofthegoods,orasarrangedbytheconsignorandcarrier.Theadditionalchargesmaycontainlonglengthsurcharge,overweightsurcharge,currencyadjustmentfactor,optionalcharge,portcongestionsurcharge,transshipmentsurcharge,bunkeradjustmentfactor,alternationsurcharge,andportsurcharge4,etc.

Thegoodsareusuallyclassifiedinto20gradeswhicharelistedintheliner’sfreighttariff5.Thebasicfreightratesarechargedaccordingtotheirrespectivegrades.Onemayacquiresuchinformationintheliner’sfreighttariffoftheshippingcompany.

Chartertransport,alsocalledtramptransport,unlikethelinertransport,doesnotoperateonafixedrouteandafixedschedule.Thetrampsgoallovertheworldinsearchofthegoods,primarilybulkshipments,likecoal,grain,timber,mineralores,fertilizers,etc.Theyareusuallycarriedincompleteshiploads.Trampvesselsareengagedundercharteronatime,voyageordemisebasis6.Voyagechartermightbedeterminedbyonesingleorconsecutivesinglevoyagesoronereturnorconsecutivereturnvoyages,whiletimecharterisontimebasis.Itmightbeseveralmonths,ayear,orevenmanyyears.Underdemise,orbareboatcharter,thechartererhastosupplybyhimselfthecrew,andthevesseliscompletelyunderhiscontrol.

2.MarineTransportBilloflading

MarineTransportBilloflading,shortenedasB/L,isissuedbythecaptainortheshippingcompanyoritsagent.Itisadocumenttotestifythatthegoodshavebeenreceivedorshippedonboard,andwillbedeliveredtoacertainplaceofdestinationbythecarrier.Inlegalsense,itisareceiptissuedbythecarriertohavereceivedthegoods.Itisalsoadocumentoftitle,withwhichthesellermaycometothebankfornegotiationofpayment,andthebearercangetthegoodsattheportofdestinationfromthecarrier.Furthermore,B/Listheevidenceofthecarriagecontractbetweentheconsignorandthecarrier.

Ingeneral,B/Lmaycontainsthefollowinginformation:

∙Carrier

∙Shipper

∙Consignee7（Thiscolumnshallbefilledinwithgreatcare,ifL/Cisinvolved,withinstructionsofL/C）

∙Notifiedparty

∙B/LNo.

∙NameofvesselandV/N

∙Portofdischarge

∙Portofdelivery

∙Shippingmarks

∙Descriptionofthegoods

∙G/W,N/W,Measurement

∙Freightprepaidortocollect8

∙Signatureofthemasterorhisagentandthedate

B/Lmayfallintothefollowingvarieties.

∙OnboardB/LandReceivedforshipmentB/L9

∙StraightB/L,OrderB/LandOpenB/L10

（3）CleanB/LandUncleanB/L11

∙DirectB/L,TransshipmentB/LandThroughB/L

3.Carrier’sresponsibilities12

Accordingtothemaritimelawofchina,theresponsibilitiesofthecarrierwithregardtothegoodscarriedincontainerscovertheentireperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoods,startingfromthetimethecarrierhastakenoverthegoodsattheportofloading,untilthegoodshavebeendeliveredattheportofdischarge.Theresponsibilitiesofthecarrierwithrespecttonon-containerizedgoodscovertheperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoods,startingfromthetimeofloadingofthegoodsontotheshipuntilthetimethegoodsaredischargedtherefrom.Duringtheperiodthecarrierisinchargeofthegoods,thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoods,exceptasotherwiseprovidedforinthelaw.Thecarriermayenterintoanyagreementconcerningcarrier'sresponsibilitieswithregardtonon-containerizedgoodspriortoloadingontoandafterdischargingfromtheship.

Thecarriershall,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,exerciseduediligencetomaketheshipseaworthy,properlyman,equipandsupplytheshipandtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation13.

Thecarriershallproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethegoodscarried.Thecarriershallcarrythegoodstotheportofdischargeontheagreedorcustomaryorgeographicallydirectroute.

Thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodscausedbydelayindeliveryduetothefaultofthecarrier,exceptthosearisingorresultingfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliable.

Thecarriershallbeliablefortheeconomiclossescausedbydelayindeliveryofthegoodsduetothefaultofthecarrier,evenifnolossofordamagetothegoodshadactuallyoccurred,unlesssucheconomiclosseshadoccurredfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliable.

Thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodsoccurredduringtheperiodofcarrier'sresponsibilityarisingorresultingfromanyofthefollowingcauses:

（1）FaultoftheMaster,crew,pilotorservantofthecarrierinthenavigationormanagementoftheship;

（2）Fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultofthecarrier;

（3）Forcemajeure14andperils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;

（4）Warorarmedconflict;

∙Actofthegovernmentorcompetentauthorities,quarantinerestrictionsorseizureunderlegalprocess;

∙Strikes,stoppagesorrestraintoflabor;

∙Savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;

∙Actoftheshipper,ownerofthegoodsortheiragents;

∙Natureorinherentviceofthegoods;

∙Inadequacyofpackingorinsufficiencyofillegibilityofmarks;

∙Latentdefectoftheshipnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;

∙Anyothercausesarisingwithoutthefaultofthecarrierorhisservantoragent.

Thecarrierwhoisentitledtoexoneratefromtheliability15forcompensationundertheabove-mentionedcauses,shall,withtheexceptionofthefircause,beartheburdenofproof16.

Thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetotheliveanimalsarisingorresultingfromthespecialrisksinherentinthecarriagethereof.However,thecarriershallbeboundtoprovethathehasfulfilledthespecialrequirementsoftheshipperwithregardtothecarriageoftheliveanimalsandthatunderthecircumstancesoftheseacarriage,thelossordamagehasoccurredduetothespecialrisksinherenttherein.

Theamountofindemnityforthelossofthegoodsshallbecalculatedonthebasisoftheactualvalueofthegoodssolost,whilethatforthedamagetothegoodsshallbecalculatedonthebasisofthedifferencebetweenthevaluesofthegoodsbeforeandafterthedamage,oronthebasisoftheexpensesfortherepair.Theactualvalueshallb