TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉文档格式.docx
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简介:
一生中,我们有三分之一的时间都在睡眠中度过。
关于睡眠,你又了解多少?
睡眠专家russellfoster为我们解答为什么要睡觉,以及睡眠对健康的影响。
whatidliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.
now,thereisasound--(alarmclock)--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseitsthesoundofthealarmclock.andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthatssleep.ifyoureanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.
nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.andyet,formostofus,wedontgivesleepasecondthought.wethrowitaway.wereallyjustdontthinkaboutsleep.andsowhatidliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.andthejourneythatiwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime.
enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber.anyideaswhosaidthat?
shakespearesjuliuscaesar.yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes.osleep,ogentlesleep,naturessoftnurse,howhaveifrightedthee?
shakespeareagain,from--iwontsayit--thescottishplay.(laughter)fromthesametime:
sleepisthegoldenchainthattieshealthandourbodiestogether.extremelyprophetic,bythomasdekker,anotherelizabethandramatist.
butifwejumpforward400years,thetoneaboutsleepchangessomewhat.thisisfromthomasedison,fromthebeginningofthe20thcentury.sleepisacriminalwasteoftimeandaheritagefromourcavedays.bang.(laughter)andifwealsojumpintothe1980s,someofyoumayrememberthatmargaretthatcherwasreportedtohavesaid,sleepisforwimps.andofcoursetheinfamous--whatwashisname?
--theinfamousgordongekkofromwallstreetsaid,moneyneversleeps.
whatdowedointhe20thcenturyaboutsleep?
well,ofcourse,weusethomasedisonslightbulbtoinvadethenight,andweoccupiedthedark,andintheprocessofthisoccupation,wevetreatedsleepasanillness,almost.wevetreateditasanenemy.atmostnow,isuppose,wetoleratetheneedforsleep,andatworstperhapsmanyofusthinkofsleepasanillnessthatneedssomesortofacure.andourignoranceaboutsleepisreallyquiteprofound.
whyisit?
whydoweabandonsleepinourthoughts?
well,itsbecauseyoudontdoanythingmuchwhileyoureasleep,itseems.youdonteat.youdontdrink.andyoudonthavesex.well,mostofusanyway.andsothereforeits--sorry.itsacompletewasteoftime,right?
wrong.actually,sleepisanincrediblyimportantpartofourbiology,andneuroscientistsarebeginningtoexplainwhyitssoveryimportant.soletsmovetothebrain.
now,herewehaveabrain.thisisdonatedbyasocialscientist,andtheysaidtheydidntknowwhatitwas,orindeedhowtouseit,so--(laughter)sorry.soiborrowedit.idontthinktheynoticed.okay.(laughter)
thepointimtryingtomakeisthatwhenyoureasleep,thisthingdoesntshutdown.infact,someareasofthebrainareactuallymoreactiveduringthesleepstatethanduringthewakestate.theotherthingthatsreallyimportantaboutsleepisthatitdoesntarisefromasinglestructurewithinthebrain,butistosomeextentanetworkproperty,andifweflipthebrainonitsback--ilovethislittlebitofspinalcordhere--thisbithereisthehypothalamus,andrightunderthereisawholeraftofinterestingstructures,notleastthebiologicalclock.thebiologicalclocktellsuswhenitsgoodtobeup,whenitsgoodtobeasleep,andwhatthatstructuredoesisinteractwithawholeraftofotherareaswithinthehypothalamus,thelateralhypothalamus,theventrolateralpreopticnuclei.allofthosecombine,andtheysendprojectionsdowntothebrainstemhere.thebrainstemthenprojectsforwardandbathesthecortex,thiswonderfullywrinklybitoverhere,withneurotransmittersthatkeepusawakeandessentiallyprovideuswithourconsciousness.sosleeparisesfromawholeraftofdifferentinteractionswithinthebrain,andessentially,sleepisturnedonandoffasaresultofarangeof
okay.sowherehavewegotto?
wevesaidthatsleepiscomplicatedandittakes32yearsofourlife.butwhatihaventexplainediswhatsleepisabout.sowhydowesleep?
anditwontsurpriseanyofyouthat,ofcourse,thescientists,wedonthaveaconsensus.therearedozensofdifferentideasaboutwhywesleep,andimgoingtooutlinethreeofthose.
thefirstissortoftherestorationidea,anditssomewhatintuitive.essentially,allthestuffweveburnedupduringtheday,werestore,wereplace,werebuildduringthenight.andindeed,asanexplanation,itgoesbacktoaristotle,sothats,what,2,300yearsago.itsgoneinandoutoffashion.itsfashionableatthemomentbecausewhatsbeenshownisthatwithinthebrain,awholeraftofgeneshavebeenshowntobeturnedononlyduringsleep,andthosegenesareassociatedwithrestorationandmetabolicpathways.sotheresgoodevidenceforthewholerestorationhypothesis.
whataboutenergyconservation?
again,perhapsintuitive.youessentiallysleeptosavecalories.now,whenyoudothesums,though,itdoesntreallypanout.ifyoucompareanindividualwhohassleptatnight,orstayedawakeandhasntmovedverymuch,theenergysavingofsleepingisabout110caloriesanight.now,thatstheequivalentofahotdogbun.now,iwouldsaythatahotdogbuniskindofameagerreturnforsuchacomplicatedanddemandingbehaviorassleep.soimlessconvincedbytheenergyconservationidea.
butthethirdideaimquiteattractedto,whichisbrainprocessingandmemoryconsolidation.whatweknowisthat,ifafteryouvetriedtolearnatask,andyousleep-depriveindividuals,theabilitytolearnthattaskissmashed.itsreallyhugelyattenuated.sosleepandmemoryconsolidationisalsoveryimportant.however,itsnotjustthelayingdownofmemoryandrecallingit.whatsturnedouttobereallyexcitingisthatourabilitytocomeupwithnovelsolutionstocomplexproblemsishugelyenhancedbyanightofsleep.infact,itsbeenestimatedtogiveusathreefoldadvantage.sleepingatnightenhancesourcreativity.andwhatseemstobegoingonisthat,inthebrain,thoseneuralconnectionsthatareimportant,thosesynapticconnectionsthatareimportant,arelinkedandstrengthened,whilethosethatarelessimportanttendtofadeawayandbelessimportant.
okay.sowevehadthreeexplanationsforwhywemightsleep,andithinktheimportantthingtorealizeisthatthedetailswillvary,anditsprobablewesleepformultipledifferentreasons.butsleepisnotanindulgence.itsnotsomesortofthingthatwecantakeonboardrathercasually.ithinkthatsleepwasoncelikenedtoanupgradefromeconomytobusinessclass,youknow,theequiavlentof.itsnotevenanupgradefromeconomytofirstclass.thecriticalthingtorealizeisthatifyoudontsleep,youdontfly.essentially,younevergetthere,andwhatsextraordinaryaboutmuchofoursocietythesedaysisthatwearedesperatelysleep-deprived.
soletsnowlookatsleepdeprivation.hugesectorsofsocietyaresleep-deprived,andletslookatoursleep-o-meter.sointhe1950s,gooddatasuggeststhatmostofusweregettingaroundabouteighthoursofsleepanight.nowadays,wesleeponeandahalftotwohourslesseverynight,sowereinthesix-and-a-half-hours-every-nightleague.forteenagers,itsworse,muchworse.theyneedninehoursforfullbrainperformance,andmanyofthem,onaschoolnight,areonlygettingfivehoursofsleep.itssimplynotenough.ifwethinkaboutothersectorsofsociety,theaged,ifyouareaged,thenyourabilitytosleepinasingleblockissomewhatdisrupted,andmanysleep,again,lessthanfivehoursanight.shiftwork.shiftworkisextraordinary,perhaps20percentoftheworkingpopulation,andthebodyclockdoesnotshifttothedemandsofworkingatnight.itslockedontothesamelight-darkcycleastherestofus.sowhenthepooroldshiftworkerisgoinghometotryandsleepduringtheday,desperatelytired,thebodyclockissaying,wakeup.thisisthetimetobeawake.sothequalityofsleepthatyougetasanightshiftworkerisusuallyverypoor,againinthatsortoffive-hourregion.andthen,ofcourse,tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromjetlag.sowhoherehasjetlag?
well,mygoodnessgracious.well,thankyouverymuchindeedfornotfallingasleep,becausethatswhatyourbrainiscraving.
oneofthethingsthatthebraindoesisindulgeinmicro-sleeps,thisinvoluntaryfallingasleep,andyouhaveessentiallynocontroloverit.now,micro-sleepscanbesortofsomewhatembarrassing,buttheycanalsobedeadly.itsbeenestimatedthat31percentofdriverswillfallasleepatthewheelatleastonceintheirlife,andintheu.s.,thestatisticsareprettygood:
100,000accidentsonthefreewayhavebeenassociatedwithtiredness,lossofvigilance,andfallingasleep.ahundredthousandayear.itsextraordinary.atanotherlevelofterror,wedipintothetragicaccidentsatchernobylandindeedthespaceshuttlechallenger,whichwassotragicallylost.andintheinvestigationsthatfollowedthosedisasters,poorjudgmentasaresultofextendedshiftworkandlossofvigilanceandtirednesswasattributedtoabigchunkofthosedisasters.
sowhenyouretired,andyoulacksleep,youhavepoormemory,youhavepoorcreativity,youhaveincreasedimpulsiveness,andyouhaveoverallpoorjudgment.butmyfriends,itssomuchworsethanthat.
(laughter)
i