专四语法总结Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Itissillyofyoutobecheatedbyhim..

It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.

It’stimeforyoutogetup.

3.不定式做定语

做后置定语。

thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性

ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.

AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.

(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。

Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.

Iwantsomethingtoeat.

4.不定式做状语

不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。

soasto不能置于句首。

Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.

ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.

onlyto表示意想不到的结果,

Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.

三、动名词

1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词

牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:

acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。

Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.

2.动名词做介词短语

考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号:

objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。

四、分词

分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。

在概念上应清楚:

●现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。

●过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。

1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别

分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握:

(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。

It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.

TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.

(相当于whichgave...)

Howmanyofusattendingameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?

(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)

(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。

Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.?

(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)

Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,

Justwiththevalueofatelephonenetworkincreasingwith

Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.

(相当于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)

anescapedprisoner一个逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人

afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生

2.分词做状语,注意区分分词的一般式与完成式

(1)表示时间,多置于句首,注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用完成式。

Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.?

(complete先于start之前发生)

3.分词的独立主格结构

分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语,称为分词独立主格结构。

分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。

Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.

Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.

Weatherpermitting,wewillgoonapicnic.

五、非谓语动词的其他考点

1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法

meantodo想要(做某事)?

proposetodo打算(做某事)

meandoing意味(做某事)?

proposedoing建议(做某事)

regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾?

regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔

三、

句型:

cannothelpbutdo?

cannotbutdo

cannotchoosebutdo?

candonothingbutdo

havenochoice/alternativebuttodo

上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。

Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.

WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.

4.therebe非谓语动词的用法

(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。

Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)

(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeing。

Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)

Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.

(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)

Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)

(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。

Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.

(4)做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeing。

Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.

六、虚拟语气

1.主从句谓语动词的时态

(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:

从句

主句

与现在事实相反

were(不分人称)/did

would/情态动词过去式+do

与过去事实相反

haddone

would/情态动词过去式+havedone

与将来事实相反

shoulddo/weretodo

Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.

(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念:

主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。

Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.

(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

(3)识别事实和假设混合句:

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.

(句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实)

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.

(前半部分为假设,后半部分是事实)

2.名词性从句的虚拟形式

名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。

考生应熟悉:

(1)下列动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式:

desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,requireinsist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。

Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.

Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.

(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式:

advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。

Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.

Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.

(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚拟形式:

insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。

JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.

Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.

3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式

含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达,而是暗含在其他结构中。

(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse;

副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。

Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.

Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;

otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.

(2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:

without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。

ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.

(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished

+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。

Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.

(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。

Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.

4.常用虚拟形式的句型

(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型:

wouldrather?

wouldassoon?

asthough?

suppose…

hadrather?

wouldsooner?

asif?

supposing…

Ifonly…?

Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)

Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.

I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.

IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.

Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.

(3)Ifonly…(要是。

就好了)谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。

Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.

(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。

Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.?

3.几个情态动词常考的句型

(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近。

Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.

(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。

注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。

Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.

(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外,大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。

Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.

.

3.最高级形式应注意的问题

比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较

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