射箭术语英语词汇中英文对照Word文档格式.docx

射箭术语英语词汇中英文对照Word文档格式.docx

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　　﹛﹛bluezoneㄩ懦?

　　*篇二：

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

　　《英语词汇学》重要术语

　　One:

　　1.Nativewords本族词

　　WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativewords.

　　2.Loanwords借词

　　Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.

　　3.Slangwords俚语

　　Slangwordsarethosewordsofavigorous,colourful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.

　　4.Functionwords功能词

　　Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesthatservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.

　　5.Contentwords实义词

　　Contentwordsareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning.

　　6.Freeforms自由形式

　　Formswhichoccurassentencesarefreeforms.

　　Two:

　　1.Morphemes语素

　　MorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitsofEnglishlanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.

　　2.Allomorphs语素变体

　　Allomorphsareanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.

　　3.Freemorpheme自由语素

　　Freemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.

　　4.Boundmorpheme粘着语素

　　Boundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.

　　5.Root词根

　　Rootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordanditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.

　　6.Affix词缀

　　Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

　　7.Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀

　　Inflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.

　　8.Derivationalaffix派生词缀

　　Derivationalaffixisthekindofaffixesthathasspecificlexicalmeaninghandcanderiveawordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.

　　9.Prefixes前缀

　　Prefixesareaffixesaddedbeforewords.

　　10.Suffixes后缀

　　Suffixesareaffixesaddedafterwords.

　　Three

　　1.Word-formationrules构词规则

　　Word-formationrulesdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.

　　2.Stem词干

　　Stemisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

　　3.Base词基

　　Baseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

　　4.Compounding合成法

　　Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.

　　5.Derivation派生法

　　Derivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.

　　6.Conversion转化法

　　Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.

　　7.Prefixation前缀法

　　Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.

　　8.Suffixation后缀法

　　Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.

　　Four:

　　1.Initialism首字母连写词

　　Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphraseanditispronouncedletterbyletter.

　　2.Acronyms首字母拼音词

　　Acronymsarewordformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,andtheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.

　　3.Clipping截短法

　　Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword（usuallyanoun）,whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.

　　4.Blending拼缀法

　　Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.

　　5.Back-formation逆成法

　　Back-formationisatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.

　　6.Reduplication重叠法

　　Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbythe

　　repetitionofonewordoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelsoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.

　　7.Neoclassicalformation新古典词构成法

　　NeoclassicalformationistheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek.

　　Five:

　　1.Conventionality约定俗成

　　Itisthecharacteristicsofrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense:

thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.

　　2.Motivation理据

　　Motivationreferstothedirectconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.

　　3.Echoic/onomatopoeicwords拟声词

　　Echoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsarewordsmotivatedphoneticallywhosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.

　　4.Morphologicalmotivation语素结构理据

　　Awordismorphologicallymotivatedifadirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.

　　5.Semanticmotivation语义理据

　　Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactorsanditisusuallyprovidedbythefigurativeusageofwords.

　　6.Grammaticalmeaning语法意义

　　Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm.

　　7.Inflectionalparadigm词形变化

　　Thesetofgrammaticalformsofawordiscalleditsinflectionalparadigm.Nounsaredeclined,verbsareconjugatedandgradableadjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.

　　8.Denotativemeaning外延意义

　　Thedenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.

　　9.Connotativemeaning内涵意义

　　Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind.

　　10.Socialorstylisticmeaning社会意义

　　Socialmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.

　　11.Affectivemeaning情感意义

　　Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.

　　12.Componentialanalysis语义成分分析

　　Theconceptualmeaningordenotativemeaningcanbebrokendownintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponentswhichareknownassemanticfeatures.Suchananalysisiscalledcomponentialanalysis.

　　Six:

　　1.Polysemy一词多义

　　Polysemyhappenswhenmorethanonemeaningisattachedtoaword.

　　2.Radiation词义辐射

　　Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.

　　3.Concatenation语义的连锁、联结

　　Concatenationisasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.

　　4.Homonymy同音异义、同形异义

　　Homonymyistherelationbetweenpairsorgroupsofwordwhich,thoughdifferentinmeaning,arepronouncedalike,orspelledalikeorboth.

　　5.Perfecthomonyms完全同音同形异义词

　　Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms.

　　6.Homophones同音异义词

　　Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones.

　　7.Homographs同形异义词

　　Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningarecalledhomographs.

　　8.Phoneticconvergence音变的汇合

　　Phoneticconvergenceisthekindofphenomenonwheretwoormorewordswhichonceweredifferentinsoundformstakeonthesamepronunciation.

　　9.SemanticDivergence词义分化

　　Whentwoormoremeaningsofthesameworddriftaparttosuchanextentthattherewillbenoobviousconnectionbetweenthem,thewordhasundergonetheprocessofsemanticdivergence.

　　Seven:

　　1.Synonyms同义词

　　Asynonymmaybedefinedasawordhavingthesamemeaningasanotherword:

asoneoftwoormorewordsofthesamelanguageandgrammaticalcategoryhavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaninganddifferingonlyinconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse.

　　2.Completesynonyms完全同义词

　　Twowordsaretotallysynonymousonlyiftheyarefullyidenticalinmeaningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.

　　3.Relativesynonyms相对同义词

　　Relativesynonymsarewordsthatarenotfullyidenticalbutmaydifferinshadesofmeaning,inemotionalcolouring,inlevelofformality,incollocation,andindistribution.

　　4.Antonymy反义关系

　　Initsgeneralsense,antonymyreferstoalltypesofsemanticoppositeness.

　　5.Contraries/gradableantonyms相对性反义词

　　Contrariesorcontrarytermsdisplaysuchatypeofsemanticcontrastthattheycanbehandledintermsofgradability,thatis,intermsofdegreesofthequalityinvolved.

　　6.Complementaries/contradictoryterms互补性反义词

　　Complementariesorcontradictoriesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionsothatthe

　　assertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother.

　　7.Conversives/converses/relationalopposites换位性反义词

　　Conversivesrepresentsuchatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionthatthereisaninterdependenceofmeaning,orsay,onememberofthepairpresupposestheother.

　　8.Hyponymy上下义关系

　　Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.

　　9.Superordinates上义词

　　Thegeneralterminahyponymypairiscalledasuperordinatelinguistically.

　　10.Hyponyms下义词

　　Thespecificterminahyponymypairiscalledthehyponymorsubordinate.

　　11.Semanticfield语义场

　　Semanticfieldtheoryisconcernedwiththevocabularyofalanguageasasystemofinterrelatedlexicalnetworks.Thewordsofasemanticfieldarejoinedtogetherbyacommonconcept,andtheyarelikelytohaveanumberofcollocationsincommon.

　　Eight:

　　1.Context语境

　　Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.But,inbroadersense,itmaycoverthewholepassageandsometimesthewholebookinwhichawordoccurs,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.

　　2.Linguisticcontext语言语境

　　Linguisticcontextislexical,grammaticalandverbalcontextinitsbroadsense.

　　3.Extra-linguisticcontext语言之外的环境

　　Extra-linguisticcontextrefersnotonlytotheactualspeechsituationinwhichawordisusedbutalsototheentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventisset.

　　4.Lexicalcontext词汇语境

　　Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.

　　5.Grammaticalcontext语法语境

　　Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword.

　　6.Verbalcontext言语语境

　　Theverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassage,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.

　　7.Ambiguity歧义

　　Ambiguityreferstoaword,phrase,sentenceorgroupofsentenceswithmorethanonepossibleinterpret