射箭术语英语词汇中英文对照Word文档格式.docx

1、bluezone懦?*篇二：英语词汇学重要术语中英文对照英语词汇学重要术语One:1.Nativewords本族词WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativewords.2.Loanwords借词Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.3.Slangwords俚语Slangwordsarethosewordsofavigorous,colourful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses

2、,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.4.Functionwords功能词Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesthatservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.5.Contentwords实义词Contentwordsareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhavein

3、dependentlexicalmeaning.6.Freeforms自由形式Formswhichoccurassentencesarefreeforms.Two:1.Morphemes语素MorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitsofEnglishlanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.2.Allomorphs语素变体Allomorphsareanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsoun

4、ds.3.Freemorpheme自由语素Freemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.4.Boundmorpheme粘着语素Boundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.5.Root词根Rootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordanditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.6.Affix词缀Affixisa

5、collectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.7.Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀Inflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.8.Derivationalaffix派生词缀Derivationalaffixisthekindofaffixesthathasspecificlexicalmeaninghandcanderiv

6、eawordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.9.Prefixes前缀Prefixesareaffixesaddedbeforewords.10.Suffixes后缀Suffixesareaffixesaddedafterwords.Three1.Word-formationrules构词规则Word-formationrulesdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.2.Stem词干Stemisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhena

7、llinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.3.Base词基Baseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.4.Compounding合成法Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.5.Derivation派生法Derivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffi

8、x,orboth,tothebase.6.Conversion转化法Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.7.Prefixation前缀法Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.8.Suffixation后缀法Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.Four:1.Init

9、ialism首字母连写词Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphraseanditispronouncedletterbyletter.2.Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronymsarewordformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,andtheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters

10、.3.Clipping截短法Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword（usuallyanoun）,whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.4.Blending拼缀法Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirful

11、lforms.5.Back-formation逆成法Back-formationisatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.6.Reduplication重叠法Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordoroftwoalmostidenticalword

12、swithachangeinthevowelsoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.7.Neoclassicalformation新古典词构成法NeoclassicalformationistheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek.Five:1.Conventionality约定俗成Itisthecharacteristicsofrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense:

13、thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.2.Motivation理据Motivationreferstothedirectconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.3.Echoic/onomatopoeicwords拟声词Echoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsarewordsmotiv

14、atedphoneticallywhosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.4.Morphologicalmotivation语素结构理据Awordismorphologicallymotivatedifadirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.5.Semanticmotivation语义理据Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactorsanditisusuallyprovid

15、edbythefigurativeusageofwords.6.Grammaticalmeaning语法意义Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm.7.Inflectionalparadigm词形变化Thesetofgrammaticalformsofawordiscalleditsinflectionalparadigm.Nounsaredeclined,verbsareconjugatedandgradableadjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.8.Denotativemea

16、ning外延意义Thedenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.9.Connotativemeaning内涵意义Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinonesmind.10.Socialorstylisticmeaning社会意义Socialmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.11.Aff

17、ectivemeaning情感意义Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.12.Componentialanalysis语义成分分析Theconceptualmeaningordenotativemeaningcanbebrokendownintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponentswhichareknownassemanticfeatures.Suchananalysisiscalledcomponentialanalysis.Six

18、:1.Polysemy一词多义Polysemyhappenswhenmorethanonemeaningisattachedtoaword.2.Radiation词义辐射Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.3.Concatenation语义的连锁、联结Concatenationisasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaning

19、ofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.4.Homonymy同音异义、同形异义Homonymyistherelationbetweenpairsorgroupsofwordwhich,thoughdifferentinmeaning,arepronouncedalike,orspelledalikeorboth

20、.5.Perfecthomonyms完全同音同形异义词Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms.6.Homophones同音异义词Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones.7.Homographs同形异义词Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningarecalledhomographs.8.Phoneticconve

21、rgence音变的汇合Phoneticconvergenceisthekindofphenomenonwheretwoormorewordswhichonceweredifferentinsoundformstakeonthesamepronunciation.9.SemanticDivergence词义分化Whentwoormoremeaningsofthesameworddriftaparttosuchanextentthattherewillbenoobviousconnectionbetweenthem,thewordhasundergonetheprocessofsemanticdi

22、vergence.Seven:1.Synonyms同义词Asynonymmaybedefinedasawordhavingthesamemeaningasanotherword:asoneoftwoormorewordsofthesamelanguageandgrammaticalcategoryhavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaninganddifferingonlyinconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse.2.Completesynonyms完全同义词Twowordsaretotallysynonymousonlyi

23、ftheyarefullyidenticalinmeaningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.3.Relativesynonyms相对同义词Relativesynonymsarewordsthatarenotfullyidenticalbutmaydifferinshadesofmeaning,inemotionalcolouring,inlevelofformality,incollocation,andindistri

24、bution.4.Antonymy反义关系Initsgeneralsense,antonymyreferstoalltypesofsemanticoppositeness.5.Contraries/gradableantonyms相对性反义词Contrariesorcontrarytermsdisplaysuchatypeofsemanticcontrastthattheycanbehandledintermsofgradability,thatis,intermsofdegreesofthequalityinvolved.6.Complementaries/contradictoryterm

25、s互补性反义词Complementariesorcontradictoriesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionsothattheassertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother.7.Conversives/converses/relationalopposites换位性反义词Conversivesrepresentsuchatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionthatthereisaninterdependenceofmeaning,orsay,onememberofth

26、epairpresupposestheother.8.Hyponymy上下义关系Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.9.Superordinates上义词Thegeneralterminahyponymypairiscalledasuperordinatelinguistically.10.Hyponyms下义词Thespecificterminahyponymypairiscalledthehypony

27、morsubordinate.11.Semanticfield语义场Semanticfieldtheoryisconcernedwiththevocabularyofalanguageasasystemofinterrelatedlexicalnetworks.Thewordsofasemanticfieldarejoinedtogetherbyacommonconcept,andtheyarelikelytohaveanumberofcollocationsincommon.Eight:1.Context语境Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelex

28、icalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.But,inbroadersense,itmaycoverthewholepassageandsometimesthewholebookinwhichawordoccurs,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.2.Linguisticcontext语言语境Linguisticcontextislexical,grammaticalandverbalcontextinitsbroadsen

29、se.3.Extra-linguisticcontext语言之外的环境Extra-linguisticcontextrefersnotonlytotheactualspeechsituationinwhichawordisusedbutalsototheentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventisset.4.Lexicalcontext词汇语境Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.5.Gramma

30、ticalcontext语法语境Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword.6.Verbalcontext言语语境Theverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassage,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.7.Ambiguity歧义Ambiguityreferstoaword,phrase,sentenceorgroupofsentenceswithmorethanonepossibleinterpret