高考阅读理解题型解读和专项练习11文档格式.docx
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阅读理解归纳为以下几种题型:
主旨大意题,细节理解题,推理判断题(含写作意图、目的等),词义猜测题。
英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略是学生提高阅读理解多需要具备的。
一、主旨大意题(几乎每年高考都有,1~3题)
这类题在设题时常会用到title,subject,mainidea,topic,theme等词。
1.归纳标题题
特点:
短小精悍,一般多为一个短语;
涵盖性强,一般能覆盖全文意思;
精确性强,表达范围要恰当,不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。
常见命题形式有:
What’s
the
best
title
for
text?
Thebesttitleforthispassageis___.
Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
★真题范例
(2012安徽卷)
Whyispinkorpurpleacolorforgirlsandblueorbrownforboys?
Theanswerdependslargelyonculturalvaluesaswellaspersonalexperiences.TotheEgyptians,greenwasacolorthatrepresentedthehopeandjoyofspring,whileforMuslims,itmeansheaven.Redisasymbolofgoodluckinmanycultures.InChina,childrenaregivenmoneyinaredenvelopetobringgoodfortuneintheNewYear.Formanynations,blueisasymbolofprotectionandreligiousbeliefs.
Greekpeopleoftenwearabluenecklacehopingtoprotectthemselvesagainstevils(灾祸).
People'
schoiceofcolorsisalsoinfluencedbytheirbodies'
reactions(反应)towardthem.Greenissaidtobethemostrestfulcolor.Ithastheabilitytoreducepainandrelaxpeoplebothmentallyandphysically.Peoplewhoworkingreenenvironmenthavebeenfoundtohavefewerstomachaches.
Redcancauseaperson'
sbloodpressuretoriseandincreasepeople'
sappetites(食欲).Manydecoratorswillincludedifferentshadesofredintherestaurant.Similarly,manycommercialwebsiteswillhaveared"
BuyNow"
buttonbecauseredisacolorthateasilycatchesaperson'
seye.
Blueisanothercalmingcolor.Unlikered,bluecancausepeopletoloseappetite.Soifyouwanttoeatless,somesuggestthateatingfromblueplatescanhelp.
Thenexttimeyouaredecidingonwhattowearorwhatcolortodecorateyourroom,thinkaboutthecolorcarefully.
63.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostpropertitleforthetext?
A.ColorsandHumanBeings
B.TheCulturalMeaningofColor
C.ColorsandPersonalExperiences
D.TheMeaningandFunctionofColor
2.概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(mainidea),常见命题形式有:
Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthepassage?
Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainidea?
Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?
Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat_____.
Thepassage/textismainlyabout_____.
article
mainly
about
?
★范例JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.
Q:
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
____
A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.
B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.
C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.
D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.
【解题思路】
此文没有主题句。
全篇共四句,只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。
因此就答案本身看,个个都对。
读者只能将所有的details综合起来,进行逻辑推理,才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想。
由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情况,即作者想告诉我们的是:
JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育,所以答案是C。
★范例Inthe1930s,alotofpeopleintheUSAwereoutofwork.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.Healwayshadaninterestinwordgamesandtofillhistimeheplannedagamewhichhecalled“Lexico”.However,hewasnotcompletelysatisfiedwiththegame,sohemadeanumberofchangestoitandchangeditsnamefrom“Lexico”to“Alph”andthento“CrissCross”.Hewantedtomakesomemoneyfromhisnewgamebuthedidn’thaveanyrealcommercial(商业性的)success.
Thetextismainlyabout________.
A.Lexico
B.Threemen
C.Awordgame
D.AlfredButts.
解题技巧:
阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文,这两种文体的结构可归纳为:
提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。
对于这类文章,抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。
主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。
主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。
主题句在文章中的位置主要有以下几种情况:
位于段首:
一般而言,以演绎法撰写的文章,主题句往往在文章的开头,即先点出主题,然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。
判断第一句是否为主题句,可具体分析段落的首句与第二,三句的关系;
如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明,论述或描述,那第一句就是主题句。
有些段落,在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词,如forexample,anexampleof;
first,second,next,last,finally;
tobeginwith,also,besides;
one,theother;
some,others等。
在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。
★范例Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'
teatenamealun1esstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplantandfreshfruit.0therscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast—foods:
ahamburgerorhotdog。
Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.
位于段尾:
有些文章会在开头列举事实,然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。
因此,如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话,最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子,看看它是否具备主题句的特征。
如果它具备主題句的特征,段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。
一般说来,当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时,主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。
学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词,如so,therefore,thus,consequently;
inconclusion,inshort;
inaword,tosumup等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。
当无明显的此类信号时,学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词,以确定其是否是主题句。
★范例Americans
might
be
embarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect.
位于段中:
有时段落是先介绍背景和细节,接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例,然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。
这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。
归纳起来主要有两种情况:
先提出问题,然后给予回答(主题句),最后给予解释;
或者,先提出问题,然后点出主题思想(主题句),最后给予解释。
★范例InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket.Ford,GeneralMotors,andChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore.ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcostAmericanautoworkerstheirjobassomeexpertsexpected.FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralia'
sbiggestemployer.YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiablesociety。
首尾呼应:
主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现,形成前呼后应的格局。
这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容,但用词不尽相同,这样不但强调了主题思想,而且显得灵活多变。
这两个句子并非简单重复,后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述,或对要点作一概括,或使之引申留给读者去思考。
无明确主题句:
找关键词(出现频率较高),归纳总结。
★范例Batsaretheonlyanimalsthattrulyfly.Theseanimalsusetheirleatherywingsdifferentlyfrombirds.Birdsflaptheirwingsupanddown,whilebatsuseboththeirwingsandlegs,whichmakesthemseemasiftheyareswimmingthroughtheair.Eventhoughbatstakemuchlonger,strongerstrokesthanbirds,theystillcanbeattheirwingsasoftenastwentytimespersecond!
此段落的主题词是:
bats,birds,different,fly.归纳出段落的中心思想是:
Batsaredifferentfrombirdsinflying.
注意:
新题型中有一个选项是干扰项,解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误:
(1)表述过于片面,只涵盖该段个别细节;
(2)表述过于笼统,超出该段的内容;
(3)表述与段落内容无关,在段落中找不到相关依据.
二、细节理解题(高考比例较大)
考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等;
议论文中例证细节;
定义类细节。
这类题目的共同特点是:
答案一般都能在文章中找到。
当然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。
1.事实细节题→寻读法(先读题,带着题干信息快速浏览全文)
分为直接理解题和间接理解题,前者常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提问,或判断正误;
后者需与原文信息转换,表达上与原文有差异。
Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
Allthefollowingarementionedexcept.
Whichofthefollowingismentioned(notmentioned)?
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/right/false/wrongabout…?
(2012江西卷)
………
Markhadbeenscoldedbeforefortouchinghisfather’sequipment.Buthiscuriositywasdifficulttocontrolandthisnewcomputerreallypuzzledhim.
56.WhydidMarktouchthecomputeragainsthisfather’swarning?
A.Hewantedtotakeavoyage.
B.Hewantedtopracticehisskill
C.Hewassomuchattractedbyit.
D.Hewaseagertodoanexperiment.
2.排列顺序题→首尾定位法(找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,用排除法缩小范围)
常出现在记叙文和说明文中,一般按事件发生的顺序。
Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof…?
WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofsignalsdescribedinParagraph…?
(2011山东卷)
Sincethe1970s,scientistshavebeensearchingforwaystolinkthebrainwithcomputers.Brain-computerinterface(BCI)technologycouldhelppeoplewithdisabilitiessendcommandstomachines.
…….
Theresearchersdesignedaspecialcapfortheuser.Thisheadcoverpicksupthesignalsfromthescalp(头皮)andsendsthemtoacomputer.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignalsandcommandsthemotorizedwheelchair.Thewheelchairalsohastwocamerasthatidentifyobjectsinitspath.Theyhelpthecomputerreacttocommandsfromthebrain.
……..
73.WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofthesignalsdescribedinParagraph5?
A.scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair
B.computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair
C.scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair
D.cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair
3.图文匹配题→按图索骥理清线索
设题形式:
给出图表,根据图表提问问题。
(略)
4.数字计算题→(方法:
审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算)
可直接找到相关细节,但需经过计算方可找到答案。
(2012福建卷)
AffordableplansthatIcanunderstand----andnocontracttosign(签订)!
Unlikeothercellphones,Jitterbughasplansthatmakesense.WhyshouldIpayforminutesI'
mnevergoingtouse?
AndifIdotalkmorethanIplan,Iwon'
tfindmyselfwithnominuteslikemyfriendwhohasaprepaidphone.Bestofall,thereisnocontracttosign—soI'
mnotlockedinforyearsatatime.TheUS-basedcustomerserviceissecondtonone.Andthephonegetsserviceanywhereinthecountry.
MonthlyMinutes
50
100
MonthlyRate
$14.99
$19.99
911Access
FREE
LongDistanceCalls
Noadditionalcharge
FriendlyReturnPolicy
30days
64.
Onthemonthlybasisof100minutes,theJitterbugweeklyrateisabout____.
A.$3.75
B.$4.99
C.$14.99
D.$19