04专八听力原文Word文档下载推荐.docx

04专八听力原文Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Sowaltzingis,infact,thejointactionthatemergesasthetwodancersdotheirindividualstepsincoordination,asacouple.

Similarly,doingthingswithlanguageisalsodifferentfromthesumofthespeakerspeakingandthelistenerlistening.Itisthejointactionthatemergeswhenspeakersandlisteners,orwritersandreaders,performtheirindividualactionsincoordination,asensembles.Therefore,wecansaythatlanguageuseincorporatesbothindividualandsocialprocesses.Speakersandlisteners,writersandreaders,mustcarryoutactionsasindividuals,iftheyaretosucceedintheiruseoflanguage.ButtheymustalsoworktogetherasparticipantsinthesocialunitsIhavecalledensembles.IntheexampleImentionedjustnow,thetwodancersperformbothindividualactions,movingtheirbodies,arms,andlegs,andjointactions,coordinatingthesemovements,astheycreatethewaltz.Inthepast,languageusehasbeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyanindividualprocess.Andithasalsobeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyasocialprocess.Forme,Isuggestthatitbelongstoboth.Wecannothopetounderstandlanguageusewithoutviewingitasjointactionsbuiltonindividualactions.Inordertoexplainhowalltheseactionswork,I'

dliketoreviewbrieflysettingsoflanguageuse.Bysettings,Imeanthesceneinwhichlanguageusetakesplace,plusthemedium-whichreferstowhetherlanguageuseisspokenorwritten.Andinthistalk,I'

llfocusonspokensettings.

Thespokensettingmentionedmostoftenisconversation-eitherfacetoface,oronthetelephone.Conversationsmaybedevotedtogossip,businesstransactionsorscientificmatters,butthey'

reallcharacterizedbythefreeexchangeoftermsamongthetwoparticipants.I'

llcallthesepersonalsettings.ThenwehavewhatIwouldcallnonpersonalsettings.Atypicalexampleisthemonologue.Inmonologues,onepersonspeakswithlittleornoopportunityforinterruption,orturnsbymembersoftheaudience.Monologuescomeinmanyvarietiestoo,asaprofessorlecturestoaclass,orastudentgivingapresentationtoaseminar.Thesepeoplespeakforthemselves,utteringwordstheyformulatedthemselvesfortheaudiencebeforethem,andtheaudienceisn'

texpectedtointerrupt.Inanotherkindofsettingwhicharecalledinstitutionalsettings,theparticipantsengageinspeechexchangesthatlooklikeordinaryconversation,buttheyarelimitedbyinstitutionalrules.Asexamples,wecanthinkofagovernmentofficialholdinganewsconference,alawyercrossquestioningawitnessincourt,oraprofessordirectingaseminardiscussion.Inthesesettings,whatissaidismoreorlessspontaneous,eventhoughturnsatspeakingareallocatedbyaleader,orarerestrictedinotherways.

Thepersonspeakingisn'

talwaystheonewhoseintentionsarebeingexpressed.Wehavetheclearestexamplesinfictionalsettings.VivianLeighplaysScarlettO'

Harain"

GonewiththeWind"

FrankSinatrasingsalovesonginfrontofaliveaudience,thespeakersareeachvocalizingwordscomposedbysomeoneelse-forinstanceaplaywrightoracomposer-andareopenlypretendingtobeexpressingopinionsthataren'

tnecessarilytheirown.Finallythereareprivatesettingswhenpeoplespeakforthemselveswithoutactuallyaddressinganyoneelse,forexample,Imightexplainsilentlytomyself,ortalktomyselfaboutsolvingaresearchproblem,orrehearsingwhatI'

mabouttosayinaseminartomorrow.WhatIsayisn'

tintendedtoberecognizedbyotherpeople,itisonlyofusetomyself.Thesearethefeaturesofprivatesettings.

SECTIONBTALK

W:

Goodevening,I'

mNancyJohnson.TheguestonourradiotalkthiseveningisProfessorWangGongwu.Hello,ProfessorWang.

M:

Hello.

ProfessorWang,you'

renowprofessoremeritusofAustraliaNationalUniversity,andinyourlongacademiccareer,you'

vewornmanyhatsastutor,lecturer,departmenthead,dean,professor,andvicechancellor.However,asIknow,you'

restillveryfondofyouruniversitydaysasastudent.

That'

sright.Thatwasin1949.TheuniversitythatIwenttowasabrandnewuniversitythen,andtheonlyoneinthecountryatthattime.WhenIlookback,itwasanamazinglysmalluniversity,andwekneweverybody.

Howdidthestudentslikeyou,forexample,studythen?

Wedidn'

tstudyveryhard,becausewedidn'

thaveto.Wedidn'

thaveallthisfantasticcompetitionthatyouhavetoday.Mmm.WewerealwaysmadetofeelthatgettingafirstdegreeintheArtsfacultywasnotpreparationforaprofession.Itwasageneraleducation.Wewerenotunderanypressuretodecideonourcareers,andwehadsuchagoodtime.Wewereleftverymuchonourown,andwewereencouragedtomakethingshappen.

Whatdoyouseeasthemoststrikingdifferenceinuniversityeducationsincethen?

Universityeducationhaschangeddramaticallysincethosedays.Thingsareveryspecializedtoday.

Yes,definitelyso.And,inyoursubsequentcareerexperienceasaneducatorandlateradministratorinvariousinstitutionsofhighereducationinAsiaandelsewhere,ProfessorWang,youhaverepeatedlynotedthatonehastolookatthedevelopmentofeducationinoneparticularcountryinabroadcontext.Whatdoyoumeanbythat?

Well,thewholeworldhasmovedawayfromeliteeducationinuniversitiestomeettheneedsofmasseducation,andenteringuniversitiesisnolongeraprivilegeforthefew.Anduniversitiestodayaremoreconcernedwithprovidingjobsfortheirgraduatesinawaythatuniversitiesinourtimeneverhadtobebotheredabout.Therefore,theemphasisofuniversityprogramstodayisnowonthepracticalandtheutilitarian,ratherthanonageneraleducationoronpersonaldevelopment.

Doyouthinkthatisawelcomedevelopment?

Well,Ipersonallyregretthisdevelopment.Butthebasicbachelor'

seducationnowhastocatertopeoplewhoreallyneedapieceofpapertofindadecentjob.

Soyou'

reconcernedaboutthisdevelopment.

Yes,I'

mveryconcerned.Withtechnicalchanges,manyofthethingsthatyoulearnaretechnicalskills,whichdon'

trequireyoutobecomeverywelleducated.Yet,ifyoucanmasterthoseskills,youcangetverygoodjobs.Sothetechnicalinstitutionsaregoingtobeincreasinglypopularattheexpenseoftraditionaluniversitites.

ProfessorWang,let'

slookatadifferentissue.Howdoyoucommentonthecurrentphenomenonbecauseofthefeestheypay?

Well,onceyouacceptstudentsonfinancialgrounds,onewonderswhetheryouhavetopassthemaswell.Butthisisthedevelopmentineducationthatwehavetocontendwith.Yet,ifweareconcernedaboutmaintainingstandards,whatwecandoistoconcentrateonimprovingthequalityofeducation.

Yes,you'

reright.Auniversityisjudgedbythequalityofeducationitoffers.ProfessorWang,let'

sturntothefuture.Whattypeofgraduates,inyourview,touniversitiesofthefutureneedtoproduce,iftheyaretoremainrelevant?

Ithinktheirgraduatesmustbeabletoshiftfromoneprofessiontoanother,becausetheyaretrainedinaveryindependentway.Ifyoucandothat,youraisetheleveloftheflexibilityofthemind.Today'

srapidchangesintechnologydemandthisadaptability.Andyouseethebestuniversitiesintheworldarealreadytryingtoguaranteethattheirstudentswillnotonlybetechnicallytrained,butwillbethekindofpeoplethatcanadapttoanychangingsituation.

Iguessmanypeoplewouldagreewithyouonthatpoint.Universityeducationshouldfocusonbothpersonalandprofessionaldevelopmentofstudents.Butstillsomemightbelievethereisadefiniteplaceforeducationinabroadersense-thatis,inpersonalintellectualdevelopment.

Nodoubtaboutthat.Weneedpeoplewhowillthinkaboutthefuture,aboutthepast,andalsopeoplewhowillthinkaboutsociety.Ifasocietydoesn'

thavephilosophers,orpeoplewhothinkaboutthevalueoflife,it'

saverysadsocietyindeed.

ProfessorWang,mylastquestion:

doyouseeanycommongroundineducationbetweenyourgenerationandtheyounggenerationnow?

Adaptingtonewchallengesisperhapsthetruecornerstoneofourgeneration'

slegacytoeducation.Andthefutureofeducationinacountryrestsnotsomuchontheconstructionofbetterbuildings,labs,etc.,butinthedevelopmentofaneveradaptablemind.

strue.Theessenceofeducationistheeducationofthemind.Okay,thankyouverymuch,ProfessorWang,fortalkingtousontheshowaboutthechangingtrendsineducation.

You'

rewelcome

SECTIONC

AnewdatashowsthattheglobalAIDSpandemicwillcauseasharpdropinlifeexpectancyindozensofcountries,insomecases,declinesofthreedecades.Severalnationsarelosingacentury'

sprogressinextendingthelengtho