现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx

现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx

《现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.

7Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.

8Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.

9Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyof 

languagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

二音系学

1Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

2Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

3Phone:

Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;

somedo,somedon’t.

4Phoneme:

Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;

itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

5allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

6Complementarydistribution:

Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincompkenebtarydistribution.

7Minimalpair:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

8Stress:

Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.

9tones:

Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;

therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.

10intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish

三形态学

1morphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2inflectionalmorphology:

Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.

3derivationalmorphology:

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

4morpheme:

Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

5freemorpheme:

Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

6boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

7root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;

itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;

itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

8affix:

Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.

9prefix:

Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.

10suffix:

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;

theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

11derivation:

Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.

12compounding:

Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.

四句法学

1linguisticcompetence:

Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

2sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.

3transformationrules:

Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.

4D-structure:

Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.

5Moveа:

Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа

五语义学

1semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

2sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractanddecontextualized.

3reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguistic 

elementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

4synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.

5polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.

6antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.

7homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

8hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

9componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.

10grammaticalmeaning:

Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.

11semanticmeaning:

Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.

12predication:

Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

七历史语言学

1historicallinguistics:

Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

2apocope:

Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.

3epenthesis:

Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.

4metathesis:

Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.

5compounding:

Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

6derivation:

Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.

7blending:

Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

8back-formation:

Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.

9semanticbroadening:

Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..

10semanticnarrowing:

Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.

11semanticshift:

Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.

12protolanguage:

Itreferstoafamilyofalanguage.

13soundshift:

Itreferstothesystematicmodificationofaseriesofphonemes.

absee

管理员

UID5

精华0

积分3990

帖子1111

阅读权限200

注册2007-6-4

状态离线

#8

使用道具 

发表于2007-7-2621:

20 

资料 

个人空间 

短消息 

加为好友 

八社会语言学

1sociolinguistics:

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontext.

2speechcommunity:

Aspeechcommunityisthusdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.

3speechvariety:

Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,refers 

toanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.

4languageplanning:

Onewayoutofthecommunicationdilemmaislanguagestandardizationknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystem,acrossregionalboundaries.

5idiolect:

Suchapersonaldialectisreferedtoasidiolect.

6standardla