现代语言学名词解释Word格式.docx

1、The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolingu

2、istics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study oflanguage with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二 音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used i

3、n linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessar

4、ily distinguish meaning; some do,some dont. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonet

5、ic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same pl

6、ace in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the

7、 vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an im

8、portant role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English三 形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the

9、inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by th

10、emselces or in combination with other morphemes. 6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself alt

11、hough it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. 9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word. 10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning

12、 of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words. 12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and importan

13、t way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. 四 句法学 1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of

14、 this knowledge in linguistic communication. 2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the tr

15、ansformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representat

16、ion are commonly termed as D-structure. 5 Move : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move 五 语义学 1 semantics: Semantics ca

17、n be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. 3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to

18、 in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy. 5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to th

19、e fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word. 6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. 7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words

20、having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analy

21、ze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. 10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 11 semantic meaning : T

22、he semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions. 12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.七 历史语言学 1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics

23、is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change. 2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope. 3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as

24、 epenthesis. 4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. 5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the ro

25、ots. 7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. 8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. 9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the mea

26、ning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. 10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. 11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of seman

27、tic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning. 12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language. 13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes. absee 管理员UID 5精华 0积分 3990帖子 1111阅读权限 200注册 2007-6-4状态 离线 #8使用道具发

28、表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料 个人空间 短消息 加为好友 八 社会语言学 1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context. 2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. 3 speech vari

29、ety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. 4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries. 5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard la