A level biology讲义14 Ecology文档格式.docx

A level biology讲义14 Ecology文档格式.docx

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B

Interpretion:

theinterrelationshipsbetweenmanyfoodchainscanbedrawnasafoodweb.Andthewayinwhichenergyflowsfromproducertoconsumerscanbeshownbydrawingafoodchain.Inthisecosystem,onlychoiceBcontainsallelementsneededinafoodweb,includingprimaryproducers,primaryconsumers,secondaryconsumersanddecomposers.Notethatfoodwebcontainsdecomposerbutfoodchaindoesnotcontaindecomposer.

2explainthetermsproducer,consumerandtrophiclevelinthecontextoffoodchainsandfoodwebs;

3explainhowenergylossesoccuralongfoodchainsanddiscusstheefficiencyofenergytransferbetweentrophiclevels;

1.（9700_s11_qp_11,39）Asquaremetreofgrasslandreceivesabout1047000kJofsolarlightenergyeachyear.

Thetableshowswhathappenstothisenergy.

Howmuchenergyisusedbythegrassinphotosynthesis?

A2000kJB19500kJC21500kJD23500kJ

D

photosynthesisisthatcarbondioxideandwaterreacttoproducecarbohydratesand,intheprocess,energyistransferredfromsunlightandconvertedintochemicalenergyinthecarbohydratemolecules.Thegrassusestheseenergiesforgrowth,metabolism,respirationandotherlifeprocesses.Sointhistable,energyusedbythegrassinphotosynthesisis23500kJ=21500kJ+1500kJ+500kJ.

4describehownitrogeniscycledwithinanecosystem,includingtherolesofmicroorganisms;

1.（9700_s11_qp_11,40）Whichprocessdoesnotinvolvemakingnitrogenavailabletoplants?

AammonificationBdenitrification

CnitrificationDnitrogenfixation

ammonificationistheproductionofammonia,whichcanbefromaminoacidsorotherorganicNindetritusandureaexcretedbyanimals.

Denitrificationisareactionthatconvertinginorganicnitrogencompoundstonitrogengaswhichcannotbeusedbyplants.

Nitrificationisareactionthatconvertingammoniatonitriteandnitrate.

nitrogenfixationisareactionthatnitrogengaswhichcannotbeusedbyplantsistransferredammonium,nitriteornitratethatcanbeusedbyplants.

ⅢPractices

1.（9700_w11_qp_11,40）Thegraphshowstheannualchangesofthefollowingfactorsinalake.

intensityoflightperday

numbersofproducers

numbersofprimaryconsumers

quantityofnutrients

Whichcurverepresentsthenumbersofprimaryconsumers?

2.（9700_w10_qp_11,38）Thetableshowstheresultsofafieldstudyoffourspeciesinafoodchaininanareaofwoodland.

3.（9700_w10_qp_11,39）Thediagramrepresentstheflowofenergythroughatropicalrainforestecosystem.

4.（9700_w10_qp_11,40）Afarmergrowsadifferentcropinafieldeachyearforthreeyears.

Inthefourthyearthefarmerplantsaleguminouscropandthenploughsthisintothesoil.The

nextyeartherotationstartsagain.

Whichmicroorganismswillincreasebythetimetherotationstartsagain?

1denitrifyingbacteria

2nitrifyingbacteria

3nitrogen-fixingbacteria

4decomposingbacteria

A1,2and3B1,2and4C1,3and4D2,3and4

5.（9700_s10_qp_11,38）Thediagramshowsatropicaloceanfoodchainwith10%efficiencyofenergytransferbetweentrophiclevels.

Netprimaryproductionofphytoplanktonis1300gm–3yr–1.

Whatisthenetprimaryproductionperyearforthecarnivorouszooplanktonandthetuna?

6.（9700_s10_qp_11,39）Thediagramshowspartofthenitrogencycle.

7.（9700_s10_qp_11,40）Twospeciesofanimalarefoundinthesameareaofforestandgrassland.Inthespringandsummertheyeatthesameplantfood.However,intheautumnandwinteroneeatsnutsintheforestandtheothereatsrootsonthegrassland.

Bothspeciesarepreyeduponbythesamepredator.Numbersofroot-eatinganimalsarereduced

mostbythis,buttheyrecoverfastersincetheyreproducefaster.

Whatcanbeconcludedaboutthesetwospeciesofanimals?

1Theyarepartofthesamecommunity.

2Theyareatdifferenttrophiclevels.

3Theyoccupydifferenthabitats.

4Theyhavedifferentniches.

A1and2onlyB1and4onlyC2,3and4onlyD1,3and4only

8.（9700_w02_qp_1,39）Thediagramshowsthegeneralpatternofanutrientcycle,suchasthenitrogencycle.

Duringwhichstageinthenitrogencyclearedenitrifyingbacteriainvolved?

9.（9700_w02_qp_1,40）Thediagramshowspartofthecarboncycle.

Whicharrowrepresentsthereleaseofcarbondioxideinrespiration?

10.（9700_s03_qp_1,38）Thediagramshowspartofthenitrogencycle.

11.（9700_s03_qp_1,39）Whatnameisgiventoalltheorganismsinanareaandtheirinteractionswiththeirenvironment?

AcommunityBecosystemCnicheDpopulation

12.（9700_s03_qp_1,40）Whichstatementexplainswhytwospeciescannotpermanentlyoccupythesameecologicalniche?

AThetwospeciescouldnotinterbreed.

BThetwospeciesmaybepartofseparatefoodwebs.

CThetwospecieswouldcompeteforthesameresources.

DThetwospecieswouldhavedifferentnutritionalrequirements.

13.（9700_s10_qp_21,6）Manyspeciesoflegumegrowinnitrate-deficientsoilsinthetropics.Someofthesearelargetreessuchastheflamboyanttree,Delonixregia.

BacteriaofthegenusRhizobiumliveinsideswellingsalongtherootsoflegumes.Theseswellingsareknownasrootnodules.

Astudentfollowedthecyclingofnitrogeninanareawithmanyflamboyanttrees.

Fig.6.1summarisestheflowofnitrogeninthearea.

（a）NametheprocessesthatoccuratH,JandK.

H.....................................................................................................................................

J......................................................................................................................................

K.................................................................................................................................[3]

（b）SuggesttheadvantagesgainedbylegumesofhavingRhizobiumlivingintheirroots.

.........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total:

5]

Keyandinterpretion

1.Key:

choiceBisthenumbersofproducersbecauseitisgrowinginspringandishighestinsummerbutisdecreasinginautumnandislowestinwinter.ChoiceDisthenumbersofprimaryconsumerswhosechangesdependonthechangesofthenumbersofproducers.Whenthenumbersofproducersisgrowing,therearemorefoodprovidedtotheseprimaryconsumers,sotheyarealsoincreasingbutthereislageffect.Whenthenumbersofproducersisdecreasing,therearelessfoodprovidedtotheseprimaryconsumers,sotheyarealsodecreasing.

2.Key:

energyineachspeciescanbecalculatedthat:

Energy=numberofindividuals×

biomassofoneindividual×

energyvalueperunitmass.

SothesequenceofenergiesinfourspeciesisS>

P>

Q>

R.

3.Key:

A

inmostecosystems,theplantsconvertlessthan3%ofthesunlighttochemicalenergy.Thepercentagetransferofenergybetweenonetrophiclevelandanotherbelowtoitisaround10%,butitvariesgreatlyindifferentecosystems.Inrainforest,producerscanprovidemorebiomasstoprimaryconsumers,sothepercentagetransferofenergybetweenthemmaybegreaterthan10%.

4.Key:

denitrifyingbacteriaarecommoninplacessuchassewagetreatmentplants,compostheapsandwetsoils.leguminouscropdoesnotcausedenitrifyingbacteriaincreasing.

Nitrifyingbacteriaonlyliveinwell-aeratedsoilsandtheywillincreasebythetimetherotationstartsagainforploughinginthesoilbefore.

Nitrogen-fixingbacteriacanliveintherootsofleguminousplants,sonitrogen-fixingbacteriawillincreasebythetimetherotationstartsagain.

Therearedetritusleavinginthesoilattheendofthefourthyear,whichwillmakedecomposerincreasebythetimetherotationstartsagain.

5.Key:

6.Key:

C

Theprocess2isnitrogenfixation.

7.Key:

Theyarepartofthesamecommunitybecausetheyallliveinthesameareaofforestandgrassland.Theyareatthesametrophiclevel,i.e.theyareprimaryconsumers,becausetheyalleatplantfood.Theyoccupythesamehabitats.Theyhavedifferentnichesbecausetheyplaydifferentrolesintheecosystem.

8.Key:

Denitrifyingbacteriaconvertnitratetonitrogengas,soitinvolvesduringthestageA.

9.Key:

arrowArepresentsthereleaseofcarbondioxideinrespiration.Organiccarbonistransferredintoinorganiccarbonbydecomposers.ArrowBrepresentsthatorganiccarbonofcarnivoresbecomeinorganiccarbonoffossilfuels.ArrowCrepresentsthatphotoautotrophsbecomedetrituswhentheydieorbecomefaeceswhentheyareeatenbyotheranimals.ArrowDrepresentsphotosynthesis.

10