Intellectual Property Law知识产权法文档格式.docx

Intellectual Property Law知识产权法文档格式.docx

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ApatentisamonopolyrightgrantedbytheGovernmentthroughthePatentsOfficetoanindividualwhohasinventedaproductorprocess.Thebasicobjectivesforgrantingthisrightare:

toinformthepublicthroughpublicationofdetailsfromtheapplicationofthelatesttechnol0gicaladvances;

toprovideanincentiveforinnovationandtherebystimulateeconomicactivity;

andtoprovidesarewardforcreativeandinnovativeeffort.

Copyright

Thisisanexclusiverighttodealwithoriginalliterary,dramatic,artisticandmusicalworks.Aswellasprotectingthefruitsofcreativeeffort,thelegislationalsoprotectsthosewhohaveinvestedinthoseeffortsbyprovidingprotectionforsoundrecording,filmsandpublishededitionsofliterarywork

Databaseright

Informationarrangedinamethodicalandsystematicway,usuallyaccessiblebyelectronicmeanssuchdatabases,wasoriginallyprotectedundercopyrightlaw.However,sincetheimplementationoftheEUDirectiveonthelegalprotectionofdatabasesbytheCopyrightandRightsinDatabasesRegulations1997,anewdatabaserightshasbeencreated.

Performers’rights

Thesearelinkedwithcopyrightbutareaimedatprovidingprotectionfortheactualperformanceofcopyrightworksasdistinctfromthecopyrightworksthemselves.

Trademarks

Trademarksarewordsorsymbolsusedinrelationtogoodsandservicesthatdistinguishtoowner’sgoodsandservicesfromthoseofanother.Currentlegislationallowsforthepossibilityofdistinctivesmellsandsoundsalsoattractingprotection.Thelawinthisarearestrainsothersfromapplyingtheowner’sbrandtotheirgoodsandservices.Thetrademarkowner’srightsareprotectedbystatue,ifregistered,orbycommonlaw,wheretherightsinthetrademarkarebasedonuseandgoodwill

Designs

Designsthatgivevisualappealtomassproducedgoodsmaybeprotectedasregistereddesigns,whereasdesignsthataremerelyfunctionalareprotectedasunregistereddesigns.Achild’’stoothbrushintheshapeofadinosaurisanexampleoftheformer,whereasanitemofgardenequipmentisanexampleofthelatter.

Confidentialinformation

Equitableremediesareavailabletorestraintheuseoftradesecretsandotherconfidentialinformationwithouttheowner’sauthority.

PartTwo:

ProtectionandJustification

TheProtectionProvided

Legalrecognitionofintellectualpropertyisprovidedbyanegativeformofprotection.Thelegislationwillusuallydescribetheowner’srightas“exclusive“,thus,byimplication,givingtheownertherighttorestrainothersfromusinghisintellectualpropertywithoutauthority.

Itcanbearguedthattheprotectiongivenispurelyeconomicastheintellectualpropertyownerisbeingprovidedwiththeexclusiverighttoexploitthatproperty.However,since1988,thereisalsoarecognitionofmoralrightsundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.Theauthorofaworkcan,amongotherthings,protecttheintegrityoftheworkusinghisrighttoobjecttoderogatorytreatmentoftheworkunders.80.

Justification

ItwouldappearthattheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsconflictswithpoliciesintheEuropeanEconomicAreatomaintainfreecompetition.However,itcanbearguedthatthemarketeconomyisstimulatedbythefactthatconsumersareassistedinmakingchoicesfromaselectionofgoodsbytheuseoftrademarks,forexample,thatdistinguishonetrader’sgoodsfromthoseofanother.Further,becausethetrademarkinformstheconsumeaboutthequalityoftheowner’sgoods,thereisanelementofconsumerprotection.Grantingpatentsencouragersinnovationsomoregoodsareavailableonthemarket.

CompetitionwithintheEuropeanEconomicAreaisprotectedbyArticles28-30oftheTreatyofRome,whichprovideforthefreemovementofgoodsandArticles81-86,whichlegislateforfreecompetitionwithintheEuropeanEconomicArea.

Nationally,theabuseofintellectualpropertyischeckusingavarietyofmeans,forexamplelicencesofrightforpatentsareprovidedduringthelastfouryearsfothe20-yearterm,andcompulsorylicencesarealsoavailableforunreasonableunderuseofthepatentbythepatentee.Section144oftheCopyright,DesignandPatentsActrestrainsanti-competitivelicensinginrelationtocopyrightands.238doesthesameinrelationtounregistereddesignrights.

PartThreeSourcesofLaw

Intellectualpropertylawismainlycodified.Eachofthemainsubjectsofintellectionpropertyisgovernedbystatuteandsupportedbydelegatedlegislation.Thefollowingarethemainstatutorysourcesoflaw.

TheRegisteredDesignsAct1949（asamended）

ThePatentsAct1977

TheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.

TheTradeMarksAct1994;

and

CopyrightandRightsinDatabasesRegulations1997.

Confidentialinformationandpassingoffarecreaturesofcommonlaw.Intellectualpropertycannotbeprotectedonamerenationallevelandinternationalinfluencescanbewithintheabovelegislation,mostofwhichwaspassedtoenforcetheinternationalobligationsoftheUnitedKingdomaswellastoupdatethelaw.Forexample,oneoftheobjectivesoftheTradeMarksActas1994wastoimplementCouncilDirective89/104/EEcof21December1988toapproximatethelawsoftheMembersStatesrelatingtotrademarks,andthePatentsAct1977waspassed,amongotherthings,togiveeffecttoprovisionsintheEuropeanPatentConvention.

AbodyofcaselawhasdevelopedontheinterpretationoftheaboveprovisionsbynationalcourtsandinternationalbodiessuchastheEuropeanPatentOffice.Commonlawalsohasaparttoplayintheareasofpassingoffandthelawofconfidence.

IntellectualpropertylawisadministeredintheChanceryDivisionoftheHighCourt,withappealstotheCourtofAppealandHouseofLords.ThePatentsCourtisalsopartoftheChanceryDivisionandwillhearcasesregardingpatentsandregistereddesigns.SincethepassingoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thereisalsoaPatentsCountryCourt.

Aswehavealreadyindicated,thenaturetheprotectiongiveforintellectualpropertyisnegative.Theownerswillusuallygotocourttorestrainunauthoriseduseoftheirpropertybyothers.Inamajorityofcases,theremedysoughtistheinterlocutoryinjunction.Aninterlocutoryinjunctionisanordersoughtbytheintellectualpropertyownerasfirststepinproceedingsbeforethesubstantiveissuesregardingownershipandinfringementareconsidered.Asaresult,muchofthecaselawthathasdevelopedhasdonesomainlyfromtrialjudgesmakingadecisionastowhethertheplaintiffhassatisfiedhimthathehasatleastanarguablecase,becausethatisallaplaintiffneedstoshowatthestageofseekinganinterlocutoryinjunction.

Casesonintellectualpropertylawarereportedinspecialistlawreportsaswellasthestandardreports.Studentsofintellectualpropertylawcan,therefore,alsoconsulttheReportsofPatent,DesignandTradeMarkCases（RPC）publishedbythePatentsOfficeandtheFleetStreetReports（FSR）publishedbySweet&

Maxwell.CasesoftheEuropeanBoardofAppeal（EPOR）reportondecisionsconcerningEuropeanpatents.TheEuropeanIntellectualPropertyReview（EPOR）isthemainjournalwhereacademicworkonthesubjectcanbefound.

Exercises:

1.Whatisintellectualproperty?

Intellectualpropertyisakindofintangiblepersonalproperty.Itisacollectionofideasandinformationinacommercialcontextthatthelawrecognizesashavingavaluebyprovidingprotection.

2.Whatispatent?

ApatentisamonopolyrightgrantedbytheGovernmentthroughthePatentsOfficetoanindividualwhohasinventedaproductorprocess.

3.Whatiscopyright?

Itisanexclusiverighttodealwithoriginalliterary,dramatic,artisticandmusicalworks.

4.Whatisdatabaseright?

Itisanexclusiverighttodealwithinformationarrangedinamethodicalandsystematicway,usuallyaccessiblebyelectronicmeanssuchasdatabase.

5.Whatisperformer’sright?

Itisarightlinkedwithcopyrightbuareaimedatprovidingprotectionfortheactualperformanceofcopyrightworksasdistinctfromthecopyrightworksthemselves.

6.Whatistrademark?

Itisofwordsorsymbolsusedinrelationtogoodsandservicesthatdistinguishtheowner’sgoodsandservicesfromthoseofanother.

7.Whatdesignsareprotectedbylaw?

Designsthatgivenvisualappealtomassproducedgoodsmaybeprotectedasregistereddesigns,whereasdesignsthataremerelyfunctionalareprotectedasunregistereddesigns.

8.Whatarethelegalprotectionsforintellectualproperty?

Thelawrecognizestheintellectualpropertyrightas“exclusive“andgivestheownertherighttorestrainothersfromusinghisintellectualpropertywithoutauthority.

9.Whatisthejustificationforprotectionofintellectualproperty?

Protectionofintellectualpropertywillstimulatethemarketeconomy,forexample,thetrademarkcanhelpconsumersinmakingchoicesfromaselectionofgoodsandgrantingpatentscanencourageinnovation,somorebettergoodswillbeavailableonthemarket.

10.Whatarethemajorsourcesofintellectualpropertylaw?

Themajorsourcesofintellectualpropertylawarestatutes,suchtheRegisteredDesignAct1949,thePatentAct1977,theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,theTradeMarksAct1994,theCo