外研社版必修3课文原文及中文翻译Word下载.docx
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Barcelona
BarcelonaisthesecondlargestcityofSpainandissituatedonthenortheastcoast,aboutfivehundredkilometerseastoftheSpanishcapital,Madrid.OneofBarcelna’smostfamouslandmarksistheChurchoftheSagradaFamilia,whichwasdesignedbyanarchitectcalledAntonioGaudi.Gaudiworkedontheprojectfrom1882untilhisdeathin1926.Thechurchhasn’tbeenfinishedyet!
Florence
FlorenceisanItaliancitywhichbecamefamousbecauseoftheRenaissance,agreatartisticmovementwhichbeganinthe1300sandlastedforthreehundredyears.DuringtheRenaissance,someofthegreatestpaintersofalltimelivedandworkedinFlorence.ManyofFlorence’smostbeautifulpaintingsandsculptureswereproducedbygreatartistssuchasLeonardodaVinciandMichelangelo.Florenceisvisitedeachyearbyaboutamilliontouristswhocometoseetheartgalleries,churchesandmuseums.TheUffizizPalaceisthemostfamousartgalleryinthecity.
Athens
Athens,thecapitalofGreece,isknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.Twothousandfourhundredyearsago,itwastheworld’smostpowerfulcity.BuildingssuchastheParthenonontheAcropolisHillwerebuiltduringthisperiod.Greece’sbestwriterslivedinancientAthens.Theirworkhasinfluencedotherwriterseversince.
CULTURALCORNER
TheEuropeanUnion
WhatIstheEuropeanUnion?
TheEuropeanUnionisanorganizationofEuropeancountries.Thecountriesareindependentandaregovernedindifferentways.IntheUnitedKingdom,forexample,theheadofstateisakingorqueen.InFrance,ontheotherhand,theheadofstateisapresident.ButeachofthemsendsrepresentativestotheEuropeanParliament,whichhassomecontroloverwhathappensineachofthemembercountries.
HowDidItstart?
TheideaoftheEuropeanUnionbeganinthe1950s.ThefirstmemberswereFrance,Germany,Belgium,Luxembourg,theNetherlandsandItaly.Littlebylittle,thenumberincreasedduringthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.Bytheyear2000,therewere15membercountries.ThenewcountrieswereAustria,Denmark,Finland,Greece,Ireland,Portugal,Spain,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdom.
HowManyCountriesBelongtoItNow?
In2004,theEuropeanUnionincreasedto25members.TheCzechRepublic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,theSlovakRepublicandSlovenia,plustheMediterraneanislandsofCyprusandMaltaallbecamemembers.TheexpandedEuropeanUnionhasapopulationofmorethanhalfabillionpeople,twiceasbigasthepopulationoftheUnitedStates.
Module2DevelopingandDevelopedCountries
TheHumanDevelopmentReport
Intheyear2000,147worldleadersagreedtoworktogethertoreducepovertyby2015orearlier.FromthisagreementcametheHumanDevelopmentReport.
OneofthemostimportantsectionsofthisreportistheHumanDevelopmentIndex.Thisexaminestheachievementsof175countries.TheIndexmeasuresacountry‘sachievementsinthreeways:
lifeexpectancy(howlongpeopleusuallylive),educationandincome.Theindexhassomesurprises.Norwayisatthetopofthelist,whiletheUSisatnumber7.theothertopfivecountriesare:
Iceland
(2),Sweden(3),Australia(4),theNetherlands(5).TheUKisinthethirteenthposition,whileChinaisinthemiddleofthelist.ThebottomtencountriesareallAfricancountries,withSierraLeone(inwestAfrica)atthebottomofthelist.
ThereportdescribeseightDevelopmentGoals.Themostimportantgoalsareto:
·
reducepovertyandhunger;
makesurethatallchildrenhaveeducationuptotheageof11;
fightAIDSandotherdiseases;
improvetheenvironmentofpoorpeople,e.g.makesuretheyhavesafedrinkingwater;
encouragedevelopedcountriestogivemorehelptoothercountries.
The2003HumanDevelopmentReportgivesexamplesofsuccessfuldevelopment.Forexample,innineyears(1953-1962),Chinaincreasedlifeexpectancyby13years.InthelasttenyearsinChina,150millionpeoplemovedoutofpoverty.However,theChallengesarestillgreat.Everyday799millionpeopleindevelopingcountriesarehungry.OverhalfoftheseareinSouthAsiaorAfica.Althoughmorethan80%ofchildrenindevelopingcountriesgotoprimaryschool,about115millionchildrenarenotbeingeducated.Morethan1billionpeopleindevelopingcountriesdonotdrinksafewater.However,inotherregionsoftheworld,e.g.EasternEurope,waterisnowmostlysafetodrink.
Thereportshowsthatwearemakingsomeprogressbutthatweneedtomakegreaterefforts.Althoughdevelopedcountriesgivesomefinancialhelp,theyneedtogivemuchmore.Interestingly,thecountriesthatgivethemostmoneyaretheNetherlands,NorwayandSweden.Theseareamongthefiverichestcountriesintheworld,soitisrightthattheyshoulddoso.
TownTwinning
HowareOxfordintheUKandGrenobleinFrancesimilar?
Well,they’rebothmedium-sizedtownsofbetween100,000and200,000inhabitants.Theybothhaveuniversitiesandindustries.Tourismisimportanttobothofthem,andtheyarebothclosetosomeofthemostbeautifulcountrysideintheregion.Buttheysharesomethingelse:
theyhaveatowntwinningagreement.
Towntwinningisnotanewidea,butithasbecomemorepopularinrecentyearsbecauseit’snoweasiertofindoutaboutandvisitothercountriesandtowns.It’sanagreementbetweentownsorcitiesofsimilarsizeandage,andwhichhavesimilarfeaturessuchastourism,industry,cultureandentertainment.
Towntwinningagreementsencouragepeoplefromthetwotownstovisiteachother.Therearevisitsandexchangesbetweenschools,theatregroupsandsportsteams.Visitorsfromtheforeigntownusuallystayintheprivatehomesofthetowntheyarevisiting.Thereisusuallyabigpartyforthevisitors.
Towntwinningagreementsareperhapsmostusefulforstudentsandpeoplewhowanttopracticespeakinganotherlanguage.Thisisbecauselivingwithaforeignfamilyforoneortwoweeksmeansthatyouhavetospeaktheirlanguage,andasaresultyouimprovefast.
Module3TheViolenceofNature
WhatIsaTornado?
Atornadoisarotatingcolumnofairfromathunderstormtotheground.Themostviolenthavewindsofmorethan400kilometresperhour.AlmostallofthemoccurintheUS,intheareafromTexasinthesoutheasttoSouthDakotainthenorth.
Tornadoescanpickupcars,trainsandevenhousesandputthemdowninthenextstreet–oreveninthenexttown.Theycantakethefuroffthebackofacatandthefeathersoffachicken.Theycandestroyhouses,butleavethefurnitureinsideexactlywhereitwas.
Onaverage,thereare800tornadoesintheUSeachyear,causingabout80deathsand1,500injuries.Theworsttornadoofalltimeoccurredin1925,affectingthreeUSstates:
Missouri,IllinoisandIndiana.Bythetimeitended,morethan700peoplehadbeenkilledand2,700hadbeeninjured.
WhatIsaHurricane?
Hurricanesarestrongtropicalstorms,andtheyusuallyoccurinthesouthernAtlanticOcean,theCaribbeanSeaandtheGulfofMexico.Thereareviolentwindsof120kilometresperhourormore,whichcausehugewaves,heavyrainandfloods.ThereareonaveragesixAtlantichurricaneseachyearandtheyusuallyaffecttheeastcoastofUSfromTexastoMaine.
Theworsthurricanedisasterofalltimeoccurredonthe8thSeptember1900inGalveston,Texas.Windsof200kilometresperhourandfive-metrehighwaveshitthecity.Thedisasterkilled6,000peopleinapopulationof37,000anddestroyed3,600buildings.
AnExtraordinaryEvent
Thisisastoryaboutthe1900Galvestonhurricane.
CharlesCoghlanwasanineteenth-centuryIrishactorwhowenttoliveinCanada.HethenmovedtoNewYork,wherehebecamefamous.Bythe1890s,hehadmovedtoGalveston,wherehediedin1899,ayearbeforethehurricanestruck.ThecemeterywhereCoghlanwasburiedwasdestroyedbythehurricaneandCohglan’scoffinendedupinthesea.
Eightyearslater,thecoffinwasfoundbyfishermenintheseanearhishomeonPrinceEdwardIslandintheeastofCanada.TheGulfStreamhadcarriedit3,000kilometresuptheeasternUScoasttoPrinceEdwardIsland.CoghlantraveledbacktoCanada–afterhehadbeenburiedinTexas!
EarthquakesAroundthePacific
About400earthquakesoccurworldwideeveryday,morethanahundredthousandinayear.
Chinaissituatedinoneofthemostactiveearthquakeregionsintheworldandtherehavebeenmanyterribleearthquakes.ThemostseriousoftheseoccurredinHuaCountyinShaanxiProvincein1556.theearthquakeaffectedeightprovincesinCentralChina.Itcoveredanareaof800squarekilometers.Insomecommunities,60percentofthepopulationwerekilled.Inall,830,000peoplelosttheirlives.
TheCaliforniaEarthquakeofthe18thofApril1906istheworstearthquakethathaseverhappenedintheUnitedStates.Ittookplaceat5:
15a.m.,andlastedforonlyaminute.However,itcausedtheworstnaturaldisasterinthenation’shistory.
FirescausedbytheCaliforniaEarthquakedidthemostdamage.Thefiresburnedforthreedays,destroyingatotalof25,000buildings.About500peoplewerekilledinthecityo