大学思辨英语教程精读1Unit3教师用书0809文档格式.docx
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Usecontexttounderstandanewword
Identifycohesivedevices
Predictthecontentofanupcomingsentence/paragraph
Communicativecompetence:
Developacoherentandcohesiveoral/writtendiscourse
Usetopicsentences,supportingsentencesandconcludingsentencesinpresentations/essays
Communicateconstructivelyinteamwork
Criticalthinking:
Evaluatethestrengthsandweaknessesofpersonalexperienceasevidenceinargumentation
Organizetheargumentsusinganoutline
Noteandreflectonthedifferencesbetweenacademicwritingandeverydaywriting
Interculturalreflection
Identifysimilaritiesanddifferencesinnon-verbalcommunicationacrosscultures
Beawareofmultiplelevelsofdifferencesonwhichcross-culturalcommunicationcanfalter
Interpretcommunicationbehaviorsfromculturalandhistoricalperspectives
Teachingstrategies
Non-verbalcommunicationandcross-culturalcommunicationarebothinterestingtopicsinlinguistics.Theteachercanintroducethetwotextsbyquotinganecdotesorrelatingtostudents’ownexperiences(question5inPreparatorywork,p.59).Forstudentswholackexperienceofcross-culturalcommunication,thetopiccanbeledinbydiscussionsaboutinter-subculturalcommunication.
TextAisaresearcharticlefromanacademicjournalanditsstructureandwritingstylearequiteclear.Itisrecommendedtodrawstudents’attentiontotheauthor’slogic(i.e.,waysofarguing)anduseofevidenceinclass.Ifwell-planned,allthequestionsinPreparatoryWorkandCriticalreadingcanbedealtwithinsomedetailinclass.TheteachercanfollowallthequestionsinUnderstandingthetexttocheckstudents’comprehensionofthetext,whilethetasksinEvaluationandexplorationcanbedividedandassignedtogroups.Forexample,inMakinganoutline(p.62),theteachercandividethestudentsintothreegroups,eachresponsibleforonetopic.
Forclassicalworksininterculturalcommunication,pleasereferto:
Hall,EdwardT.(1955).TheAnthropologyofManners.ScientificAmerican,192:
85-89.
Hall,EdwardT.(1959).TheSilentLanguage.NewYork:
Doubleday.
Formoreupdatedinformation,pleasefindthefollowingjournals:
Cross-CulturalCommunicationpublishedbyCanadianAcademyofOrientalandOccidentalCulture(CAOOC)
AcrossLanguagesandCulturespublishedbyAkadé
miaiKiadó
LanguageandInterculturalCommunicationpublishedbyRoutledgeJournals,Taylor&
FrancisLtd.
Preparatorywork
(1)Academicinterests:
genderandlanguage,interactionalsociolinguistics,conversationalinteraction,cross-culturalcommunication,framestheory,conversationalvs.literarydiscourse,andnewmediadiscourse.
Mainpublications:
YouJustDon'
tUnderstand:
WomenandMeninConversation.NewYork:
Morrow,1990.
That'
sNotWhatIMeant!
:
HowConversationalStyleMakesorBreaksRelationships.NY:
WilliamMorrow,1986.
GenderandDiscourse.NY&
Oxford:
OxfordUniversityPress,1994.
Note:
OutsidetheacademicworldDeborahTannenisbestknownastheauthorof
anumberofbooksontheNewYorkTimesbestsellerandshe
isalsoafrequentguestontelevisionandradionewsandinformationshows.
(2)EdwardSapir(1884–1939):
an
American
anthropologistwhoiswidelyregardedasoneofthemostimportantfiguresintheearlydevelopmentofmodernlinguistics.Hismaininterestsareinthewaysinwhichlanguageandcultureinfluenceeachother,therelationbetweenlinguisticdifferences,anddifferencesinculturalworldviews.Hismostimportantcontributioniswhatisknownastheprincipleof
linguisticrelativity
orthe"
Sapir-Whorf"
hypothesis.
JohnJosephGumperz(1922–2013):
anAmericanlinguist.HisresearchinterestsincludethelanguagesofIndia,code-switching,andconversationalinteraction.Well-knownforhiscontributionininteractionalsociolinguisticsandthe"
ethnographyofcommunication"
Gumperz’sresearchhasbenefittedsuchfieldsassociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,andlinguisticanthropology.
E.M.Forster(1879–1970):
anEnglishnovelist,shortstorywriter,essayistandlibrettist.Heisknownbestforhisironicandwell-plottednovelsexaminingclassdifferenceandhypocrisyinearly20th-centuryBritishsociety.HewasnominatedfortheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein13differentyears.
RobertKaplan:
AnAmerican
appliedlinguist.Hisresearchareacoversappliedlinguistics,discourseanalysis,languagepolicy,languageplanning,andESL/EFLTeaching.HeismostfamousforhiscontributioninContrastiveRhetoric,atermhefirstcoinedin1966.Kaplanhasauthoredoredited32books,morethan130articlesinscholarlyjournalsandchaptersinbooks,andmorethan85bookreviewsandotherephemeralpiecesinvariousnewsletters,aswellas9specialreportstotheU.S.governmentandtogovernmentselsewhere.
dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/E-USIA/education/engteaching/kap0299.htm
(3)Pragmaticsisthesystematicstudyofmeaningdependentonlanguageinuse.Unlikesemantics,whichexaminesconventionalmeaning"
coded"
inagivenlanguage,pragmaticsstudieshowthetransmissionofmeaningdependsnotonlyonstructuralandlinguisticknowledge(e.g.,grammar,lexicon,etc.)ofthespeakerandthehearer,butalsoonthecontextoftheutterance,anypre-existingknowledgeaboutthoseparticipantsinvolved,theinferredintentofthespeaker,andotherfactors.Centraltopicsofpragmaticsincludeaspeaker’scommunicativeintentions,theuseoflanguagethatrequiressuchintentions,contextofuse,therelationbetweentheuserofalinguisticformandtheactofusingtheform,andthestrategiesanaddresseeemploystoworkoutwhattheintentionsandactsare.
(4)Cohesionreferstotheuseofvariousphonological,grammatical,and/orlexicalmeanstolinksentencesorutterancesintoawell-connected,largerlinguisticunitsuchasaparagraphorachapter.Inotherwords,cohesionachieveswell-connectednessbymeansoflinguisticforms.
Example:
Maryisasecretary.Sheworksinalawfirm.Yan(2012)
Coherencereferstothelogicalwell-connectednessbetweendifferentpartsofapieceofspokenorwrittenlanguage,whichdistinguishesitfromarandomassemblageofsentencesorutterances.Yan(2012)
Formly
incohesive
discourse
may
be
coherent
through
common
sense,
cultural
background,
contextual
information,
imagination,
logical
assumption,
etc.
Husband:
That’s
the
telephone.
Wife:
I’m
in
bath.
OK.
(5)Pauseisatemporaryandbriefbreakintheflowofspeech,whichisoftenclassifiedintofilledpauseandunfilledorsilentpause.Theformeristakenuporfilledbyahesitationformlikeah,er,andum.Incontrast,thelatterisnotfilledbyahesitationform.Inotherwords,asilentpauseisonewherethereisnovocalization.
Criticalreading
I.Understandingthetext
(1)Themainpurposeofthisarticleistoillustrateeightlevelsofcross-culturaldifferencesinnon-verbalaspectsofcommunication.
(2)Wecanunderstandthenatureoflanguagebyobservingitincommunicationandincontactwithothersystemsofcommunication.
(3)Pacingandpausing,listenership.Indecidingwhentotalkandwhattosay,thespeakerusuallytakesaconsciousspeechplanning,yetinpacingandpausingandinshowinglistenershipinaconversation,onedoesnotneedtostopandthinkforadecision.
(4)Section2.1startswithadirectthesisstatement.Thentheauthorexplainsitwithanexpert’s(Scollon)researchfindingsandexamples.Insection2.2theauthorraisesanumberofquestions(inpara7,9and11)andrespondstothemwithrelevantresearchfindings(Goody’saswellashers)andherownpersonalexperience.Section2.3isalsoorganizedintheorderof“question-answer”.Section