六级真题Word格式.docx
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Itiswidelybelievedthatsleepisforthebrain,notthebody.Couldashortageofshut-eyealsobehelpingtomakeusfat?
Severallarge-scalestudiessuggesttheremaybealink.Peoplewhosleeplessthan7hoursanighttendtohaveahigherbodymassindexthanpeoplewhosleepmore,accordingtodatagatheredbytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Similarly,theUSNurses’HealthStudy,whichtracked68,000womenfor16years,foundthatthosewhosleptanaverageof5hoursanightgainedmoreweightduringthestudyperiodthanwomenwhoslept6hours,whointurngainedmorethanwhosewhoslept7.
It’swellknownthatobesityimpairssleep,soperhapspeoplegetfatfirstandsleeplessafterwards.Butthenurses’studysuggeststhatitcanworkintheotherdirectiontoo:
sleeplossmayprecipitateweightgain.
Althoughgettingfiguresisdifficult,itappearsthatwereallyaresleepingless.In1960peopleintheUSsleptanaverageof8.5hourspernight.A2002pollbytheNationalSleepFoundationsuggeststhattheaveragehasfallentounder7hours,andthedeclineismirroredbytheincreaseinobesity.
2.Climatecontrol
Wehumans,likeallwarm-bloodedanimals,cankeepourcorebodytemperaturesprettymuchconstantregardlessofwhat’sgoingonintheworldaroundus.Wedothisbyalteringourmetabolic(新陈代新的)rate,shiveringorsweating.Keepingwarmandstayingcooltakeenergyunlessweareinthe“thermo-neutralzone”,whichisincreasinglywherewechoosetoliveandwork.
Thereisnodenyingthatambienttemperatures(环境温度)havechangedinthepastfewdecades.Between1970and2000,theaverageBritishhomewarmedfromachilly13Cto18C.IntheUS,thechangeshavebeenattheotherendofthethermometerastheproportionofhomeswithairconditioningsrosefrom23%to47%between1978and1997.Inthesouthernstates–whereobesityratestendtobehighest–thenumberofhouseswithairconditioninghasshotupto71%from37%in1978.
Couldairconditioninginsummerandheatinginwinterreallymakeadifferencetoourweight?
Sadly,thereissomeevidencethatitdoes-atleastwithregardtoheating.Studiesshowthatincomfortabletemperaturesweuselessenergy.
3.Lesssmoking
Badnews:
smokersreallydotendtobethinnerthantherestofus,andquittingreallydoespackonthepounds,thoughnooneisnsurewhy.Itprobablyhassomethingtodowiththefactthatnicotineisanappetitesuppressantandappearstoupyourmetabolicrate.
KatherineFlegalandcolleagresattheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsinHyattsville,Maryland,havecalculatedthatpeoplekickingthehabithavebeenrespousibleforasmallbutsignificantportionoftheUSepidemicoffatness.Fromdatacollectedaroud1991bytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,theyworkedoutthatpeoplewhohadquitinthepreviousdecadeweremuchmorelikelytobeoverweightthansmokersandpeoplewhohadneversmoked.Amongmen,forexample,nearlyhalfofquitterswereoverweightcomparedwith37%ofnon-smokersandonly28%ofsmokers.
4.Geneticeffects
Yourschancesofbecomingfatmaybeset,atleastinpart,beforeyouwereevenborn.childrenofboesemothersaremuchmorelikelytobecomeobestthemselveslaterinlife.Offspringofmicefedahigh-fatdietduringpregnancyaremuchmorelikelytobecomefatthantheoffspringofidenticalmicefedanormaldiet.Intriguingly,theeffectpersistsfortwoorthreegenerations.Grand-childrenofmicefedahigh-fatdietgrowupfateveniftheirownmotherisfednormally-soyoufatemayhavebeensealedevenbeforeyouwereconceived.
5.Alittleolder…
Somegroupsofpeoplejusthappentobefatterthanothers.surveyscarriedoutbytheUSnationalcenterforhealthstatistiesfoundthatadultsaged40to79werearoundthreetimesaslikelytobeobeseasyoungerpeople.non-whitefemalesalsotendtofallatthefatterendofthespectreum:
Mexican-americanwomenare30%morelikelythanwhitewomentobeobsess,andblackwomenhavetwicetherisk.
IntheUS,thesegroupsaccountforanincreasingpercentageofthepopulation.between1970and2000theUSpopulationaged35to44grewby43%.theproportionofHispanic-americansalsogrew,fromunder5%to12.5%ofthepopulation,whiletheproportionofblackAmericansincreasedfrom11%to12.3%.thesechangesmayaccountinpartfortheincreasedprevalenceofobesity.
6.maturemums
Mothersaroundtheworldaregettingolder.intheUK,themeanageforavingafristchildis27.3,comparedwith23.7in1970.meanageatfristbirthintheUShasalsoincreased,risingfrom21.4in1970to24.9in2000.
Thiswouldbeneitherherenorthereifitwere’tfortheobservationthathavinganoldermotherseemstobeanindependentriskfactorforobesity.ResultsfromtheUSnationalheart,lungandbloodinstitute’sstudyfoundthattheoddsofachildbeingobeseincrease14%foreveryfiveextrayearsoftheirmother’sage,thoughwhythisshouldbesoisnotentirelyclear.
MichaelSymondsattheuniversityofNottingham,UK,foundthatfirst-bronchildrenhavemorefatthanyoungerones.Asfamilysizedecreases,firstbronsaccountforagreathershareofthepopulation.In1964,britishwomengavebirthtoanaverageof2.95children;
by2005thatfigurehadfallento1.79.intheUSin1976,9.6%ofwomanintheir40shadonlyonechile;
in2004itwas17.4%.thiscombinationofoldermothersandmoresinglechildrencouldbecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.
7.Likemarryinglike
Justaspeoplepairoffaccordingtolooks,sotheydoforsize.Leanpeoplearemorelikelytomarryleanandfatmorelikelytomarryfat.Onitsown,likemarryinglikecannotaccountforanyincreaseinobesity.Butcombinedwithothers-particularlythefactthatobesityispartlygenetic,andthatheavierpeoplehavemorechildren-itamplifiestheincreaseformothercauses.
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A)effectsofobesityonpeople’shealth
B)thelinkbetweenlifestyleanobesity
C)Newexplanationsfortheobesityepidemic
D)possiblewaystocombattheobesityepidemic
2.IntheUSNurse'
HealthStudy,womenwhosleptanaverageof7houranight____
A)gainedtheleastweight
B)wereinclinedtoeatless
C)foundtheirvigorenhanced
D)werelesssusceptibletoillness
3.Thepopularbeliefaboutobesityisthat______
A)itmakesussleepy
B)itcausessleeploss
C)itincreasesourappetite
D)itresultsfromlackofsleep
4.Howdoesindoorheatingaffectourlife?
A)itmakesusstayindoorsmore
B)itacceleratesourmetabolicrate
C)itmakesusfeelmoreenergetic
D)itcontributestoourweightgain
5.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheeffectofnicotineonsmokers?
A)itthreatenstheirhealth
B)itheightenstheirspirits
C)itsuppressestheirappetite
D)itslowsdowntheirmetabolism
6.WhoaremostlikelytobeoverweightaccordingtoKatherineFlegal’sstudy?
A)heavysmokers
B)passivesmokers
C)thosewhoneversmoke
D)thosewhoquitsmoking
7.AccordingtotheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,theincreasingobesityintheUSisaresultof_____
A)thegrowingnumberofsmokersamongyoungpeople
B)therisingproportionofminoritiesinitspopulation
C)theincreasingconsumptionofhigh-caloriefoods
D)theimprovinglivingstandardsofthepoorpeople
8.accordingtotheUSNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstitute,thereasonwhyoldermothers’childrentendtobeobeseremainsnotentirelyclear
9.AccordingtoMichaelSymonds,onefactorcontributingtotheobesityepidemicisdecreaseoffamilysize
10whentwoheavypeoplegetmarried,chancesoftheirchildrengettingfatincrease,becauseobesityispartygenetiz
PartIII
SectionA
B11.A)Heisquiteeasytorecognize
B)heisanoutstandingspeaker
C)helookslikeamoviestar
D)helooksyoungforhisage
C12.A)consultherdancingteacher
B)takeamoreinterestingclass
C)continueherdancingclass
D)improveherdancingskills
D13.A)themandidnotbelievewhatthewomansaid
B)themanaccompaniedthewomantothehospital
C)thewomanmaybesufferingfromrepetitivestraininjury
D)thewomanmaynotfollowedthedoctor’sinstructions
C14.A)theyarenotinstyleanymore
B)theyhavecosthimfartoomuch
C)theynolongersuithiseyesight
D)theyshouldbecleanedregularly
D15.A)hespilledhisdrinkontothefloor
B)hehasjustfinishedwipingthefloor
C)hewascaughtinashoweronhiswayhome
D)herushedoutofthebathtoanswerthephone
D16.A)fixingsomefurniture
B)repairingthetoytrain
C)readingtheinstructions
D)assemblingthebookcase
A17.A)urgeJennytospendmoretimeonstudy
B)helpJennytoprepareforthecomingexams
C)acttowardsJennyinamoresensibleway
D)