独立主格结构的用法文档格式.docx
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做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。
Thequestionsettled,theywentbacktotheirrespectiveposts.
问题解决了,他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。
Thisdone,wewenthome.
做完这事,我们就回家了。
3、名词或代词+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;
如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式,如:
Wedividedthework,hetodeanthewindowandItosweepthefloor.
我们分了工,他擦窗户,我扫地。
Heisleavingfortheconferencenextweek,allexpensestobepaidbyhiscompany.
下个星期他会去参加会议,所有费用归公司出。
Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.
学校种上了许多树、xx,我们xx的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。
4、名词或代词+形容词
Heenteredtheroom,hisfacepale.他走进屋来脸色苍白。
Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.
电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.
他坐在前排,嘴半开着。
TheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse.
特洛伊睡着了,于是xx士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
5、名词或代词+副词
在“名词或代词+副词”这类独立主格结构中,其中的副词主要是over,on,off,up,down等这类小品词,一般不用-ly这类方式副词。
如:
Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.
散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.
灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6、名词或代词+名词
Hisfirstshotfailure,hefiredagain.
他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.
两百人死于事故,其中有许多小孩。
Hisbooknowabestseller,hefeltpleasedwiththeworld.
他的书成了畅销书,他对一切都满意了。
7、名词或代词+介词短语
Hewaswaiting,hiseyesonherback.
他在等着,眼镜望着她的背影。
Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.
士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
Theoldwomansatdown,tracesoftearsstillonhercheeks.
xx坐了下来,面颊上还带着泪痕。
Wewalkedout,onebehindtheother.
我们一个接一个地走了出来。
Agirlcamein,bookinhand.
一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。
三、独立主格结构的用法
它表示谓语动词的发生时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1、作时间状语
Theworkdone(=Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.
Thequestionsettled,wewenthome.
Myshoesremoved,Ienteredalow-ceilingedroom,treadingcautiouslyonthesofttatamimatting.
2、作条件状语
Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.
Weatherpermitting,we’llhavethematchtomorrow.
Otherthingsbeingequal,Iwouldbuytheblackdressnotthewhiteone.
Suchbeingthecase,youhavenogroundsfordismissinghim.
3、作原因状语
Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.
明天将有一场重要的演讲要举行,讲师会熬夜到很晚。
Alloursavingsgone,westartedlookingforjobs.
积蓄全部用完了,我们就开始找工作。
Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.
经过这个男孩指路,我们很容易的就找到了那个奇怪的洞穴。
Themonitorbeingill,we’dbetterputthemeetingoff.
班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。
Theriverhavingriseninthenight,thecrossingwasimpossible.
夜里xx上涨,xx不可能了。
Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.
没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。
4、作伴随状语
Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead.(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead)
他躺在草地上,他的手圈起来放在头下。
Theirroomwasonthethirdfloor,itswindowoverlookingthesportsground.
他们的房间在三楼,房间的窗户可以俯瞰运动场。
Heguidingher,theystumbledthroughthestreet.
他印着她,两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。
Hediedin1892,hisdeathbeingconsideredasanationalcalamity.
他死于1892年,他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。
5、表补充说明
Ahuntercamein,hisfaceredwithcold.(=andhisfacewasredwithcold)
注:
独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可以放在句末;
表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放在句末。
四、使用独立主格结构注意事项
1、独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。
Afterclasswasover(=Classbeingover/Classover),thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.
2、不能省略being(havingbeen)的情形
在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或havingbeen)不能省略:
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。
ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.因为是星期天,我们去做了xx。
(2)在Therebeing+名词的结构中。
Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.
因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
3、通常不用物主代词或冠词
在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Mr.Smithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.
xx先生走进了教室,手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构:
Mr.Smithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand
4、独立主格结构没有所有格形式
Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.
主编来了,我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构:
Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.
5、独立主格的式问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成式,表示该动作发生在谓语之前。
Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.
听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。
Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.
Practice:
1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof___novels.
A.whichB.thatC.whomD.them
2.___morehandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.
A.BecauseB.AsC.WithD.Since
3.Thebuswascrowedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof___carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.
A.themB.whoC.whomD.which
4.Thelargestcollectioneverfoundinwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof___over600yearsold.
A.whichB.thatC.themD.it
5.Thecave___verydark,helitsomecandles___light.
A.was;
givenB.was;
togiveC.being;
givenD.being;
togive
6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand___agunandhisface___withsweat.
A.held;
coveredB.holding;
covering
C.holding;
coveredD.held;
7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair___.
A.flowedinthebreezeB.wasflowinginthebreeze
C.wereflowinginthebreezeD.flowinginthebreeze
8.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons___fortheday.
A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished
9.OnSundaytherewerealotofchildrenplayinginthepark,___parentsseatedtogetherjoking.
A.theirB.whoseC.whichD.that
10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,onea,Roverofthelatest.
A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.theothers
11.Weather___,we’llgototheGreatWall.
A.permitsB.permittedC.permittingD.permit
12.“Mama!
”hecriedsuddenly,tears___downhischeeks.
A.rollB.rollingC.rollsD.rolled
13.Nobody___intheroom,Ididn’tgoin.
A.isB.wasC.beingD.were
14.Hertea___,shewentonwithherwork.
A.finishedB.wasfinishedC.finishingD.hadbeenfinished
15.Allthetickets___,wewentawaydisappointed.
A.havebeensoldoutB.havingbeensoldout
C.havesoldoutD.weresoldout
16.Themeeting___over,hewenthome.
A.isB.wasC.beingD.hasbeen
17.Alltheguests___,themeetingwasdeclaredopen.
A.havearrivedB.arrivedC.havingarrivedD.beingarrived
18.___,hecan’tgooutforawalkasusual.
A.WithsomuchworktodoB.Withsomuchworkdoing
C.WithsomuchworkdoneD.Withoutsomuchworktodo
19.It’squitestrangethatthemansleepswithhismouth___andhiseyes___.
A.closed;
openB.closed;
openedC.closing;
openD.closing;
opening
20.Allthings___,theplantripwillhavetobecalledoff.
A.beconsideredB.consideredC.consideringD.havingconsidering
21.___,wehavetogetdowntobusinessrightaway.
A.AstherewasnotimeleftB.Thereisnotimeleft
C.TherebeingnotimeleftD.Theretobenotimeleft
22.____yesterday,wewentoutforawalk.
A.AsafinedayB.Itwasafineday
C.ItbeingafinedayD.Foritwasafineday
23.Theoldmanstoodthere,___.
A.withbackagainstthewallB.withhisbackagainstthewall
C.withbackagainstwallD.hisbackagainstwall
24.___,I’llgotherewithyoutomorrowafternoon.
A.TimepermitsB.Iftimepermitting
C.TimepermittingD.Time’spermitting
25.___,weallwenthomehappily.
A.GoodbyewassaidB.Goodbyehadbeensaid
C.GoodbyesaidD.Whengoodbyesaid
26.___,weallwentswimminginhighspirits.
A.ItbeingfineweatherB.Itfineweather
C.ItwasfineweatherD.Itbeingafineweather
27.___,thebusstartedatonce.
A.ThesignalwasgivenB.Thesignalgiving
C.ThesignalgivenD.Whenthesignalgiven
28.Shestoodthere,___fromhercheeks.
A.tear’srollingdownB.tearsrolleddown
C.withtearsrolleddownD.tearsrollingdown
29.___,theleavesareturninggreen.
A.WhenspringcomingonB.Springcomingon
C.SpringcameonD.Springbeingcomeon
30.___,Ihadtobuyanewone.
A.MydictionarylosingB.Mydictionaryhavingbeenlost
C.MydictionaryhadbeenlostD.Becausemydictionarylose
31.Iusedtosleepwiththewindow___.
A.openedB.openC.openingD.toopen
32.___,thehunterwentintotheforest.
A.AgunonshoulderB.Agunwasonhisshoulder
C.GunonshoulderD.Agunbeingonshoulder
33.___productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.
A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through
34.Withalotofwork___,Ihavetosituptonight.
A.doB.doingC.doneD.todo
35.Hestoodtheresilently,hislips___.
A.tremblingB.trembledC.weretremblingD.wastrembling
36.___,hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours.
A.AllthingsconsideringB.Allthingsconsidered
C.AllthingswereconsidererD.Withallthingswereconsidered
37.___,wewillsurelysucceed.
A.TheteacherhelpingusB.Theteachertohelpus
C.TheteacherwillhelpusD.Withtheteacherhelping
38.Withalight___,heisstillworkingintheoffice.
A.burningB.burntC.toburnD.t