绿色住宅绿色房屋外文文献翻译Word文档格式.docx

绿色住宅绿色房屋外文文献翻译Word文档格式.docx

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TheconceptofgreenhousinghasbeenintroducedinChinatodealwithclimateissuesinthehousingsector.Greenhousingdevelopmentrequiresacomplexsocio-technicaltransitionbasednotjustongreenmaterialsortechnologies,butalso,andmostimportantly,onthebehaviouraltransitionofhousingmarketactors.LittleisknownabouthowChineserealestateenterprisesarerespondingtothegreenhousingtransitionwithinaChinesecontext.Addressingthisgap,ourresearchaimstodeterminewhether,andtowhat,extentChineserealestateenterprisesaretransitioningtowardgreenerhousingpracticesandwhatconstraintsmayexist.ThisresearchgapisparticularlypressinggiventheChinesegovernment'

sambitionstopromoteenergyefficiencyinthenewurbanbuildingsectorbyrequiring50%ofurbannewbuildingstobegreenbuildingsby2020（NDRC,2016）.OurresearchrevealsChineserealestateenterprisesfaceadilemmaof‘goinggreen’andarangeofinstitutionalconstraintsthatcurrentlyfrustratetheiruptakeofgreenhousingpractices.Ourresearchfurthersknowledgeonenvironmentalandhousingmarketgovernancewithinnon-westernandnon-liberalcontexts.

Keywords:

Socio-technicaltransitions,Greenhousing,Institutionalanalysis,Realestateenterprises,State-marketrelations

1. 

Introduction

Anincreasingbodyofscientificevidenceshowsthatclimatechange,causedbyhumanactivities,isrealandurgent（WWF,2016）.Chinahasbecomethelargestcarboncontributorworldwidesince2014andaccountsforaboutone-quarterofglobalcarbonemissions（XuandLin,2017, 

Edenhoferet 

al.,2014）.ThefigurecontinuestogrowasaconsequenceofChinabeinginaperiodofrapidurbanisationandindustrialisation（NBSC,2015）.Globally,thebuildingsectorcontributesupto30%ofcarbonemissions,withthehousingsectoraccountingfor24.5%ofthissector（BERCTU,2016）.AccordingtodatafromtheChinaDatabaseofBuildingEnergyConsumptionandCarbonEmissions（MaandCai,2019）,energyconsumptionintheChinesecivilbuildingsectorreached857 milliontonsofstandardcoalequivalent（Mtce）in2015,whichaccountedfor19.93%ofChina'

stotalenergyconsumption.Itisthereforenotsurprisingthatthebuildingsectorhasbeenidentifiedasthesectorwiththegreatestpotentialtoreducecarbonemissions（IPCC,2007, 

GhaffarianHoseiniet 

al.,2013）.

Inrecentyears,theconceptof‘greenhousing’1 

hasemergedintheChinesehousingpolicyagendaandhassincebecomeadominanttrendfornewhousingbuildinginChina（Wuet 

al.,2018, 

Wuet 

al.,2015, 

Tanet 

Jiang,2016）.Topromotegreenhousingdevelopment,theChinesegovernmenthasissuedvariouspoliciesandregulationsintotheChinesehousingmarket.However,thesuccessfulimplementationofgreenhousingpoliciesandregulationslargelydependsonmarketactors'

willingnesstoengagewiththestandardsset（Zenget 

al.,2011）.Thisisespeciallytruewithregardtorealestateenterprises,whoarethemajordeliveryagentsofhousesandoftencharacterisedas‘impresarios,orchestratingdevelopmentsbybringingtogetherlabour,capital,andlandtocreatetherightproductintherightplaceattherighttime’（Adamset 

al.,2012,p.2582）.

WhilstsomescholarshaveevaluatedtheChinesegovernment'

stransitiontowardsgreenhousingasaneffectiveapproachtoreducecarbonemissionsinthehousingsector（Wang,2014;

GhaffarianHoseiniet 

al.,2013）,comparativelylittleresearchhasbeenundertakentodeterminewhether,andtowhatextent,Chineserealestateenterprisesaretransitioningtowardgreenerhousingpracticesandwhatconstraintsmayexist.ThisresearchgapisparticularlypressinggiventheChinesegovernment'

sambitionstopromoteenergyefficiencyinthenewurbanbuildingsectorbyrequiring50%ofurbannewbuildingstobegreenbuildingsby2020（NDRC,2016）.

WeaddressthisgapinknowledgebyshowinghowChina'

srealestateenterpriseshaverespondedtogreenhousingpoliciesandregulations.Indoingso,weidentifyarangeofkey‘institutional’constraintsthatexistwhichwearguearepreventingthetransitiontowardsagreenhousingfutureinChina.Ourresearchadoptsaqualitative‘behavioural’approach,drawingoninstitutionalandsocio-technicaltransitionsliteraturestoconceptualisethecomplexityanddynamicsevidentinmarketresponsestostate-ledpolicychange（PayneandBarker,2018）.WhatfollowsisareviewofpreviousworkongreenhousinginChina,anoverviewoftheconceptualandmethodologicalapproachesandadiscussionoftheresults.Thepaperisconcludedwithanoverviewofthecontributiontoknowledge.

2. 

ThegreenhousingtransitioninChina

2.1. 

Greenhousingpolicy

Atthenationallevel,China'

s13thFive-Year-Plan（FYP）requiresthegovernmentto‘promotebuildingenergyefficiencyanddeveloptheentireindustrialchainofgreenbuildings’（NDRC,2016）.Thelatestgoalinthe13thFYPperiodrequires50%ofurbannewbuildingstobegreenbuildingsby2020.Atthelocallevel,thesurveyby 

Zhanget 

al.（2018） 

foundtheretobeatotalof102provincialgreenbuildingpoliciesandregulationsinChina.Amongstthese,manyfocusedontargetinghousingmarketactorsandencouragingthemtoadoptgreenhousingdevelopments.Thesesupply-sidepoliciescanbegroupedintofourcategories:

land-relatedpolicies,directorindirectsubsidies,preferentialpoliciesforprojects,andpreferentialpoliciesforenterprises（Shiet 

al.,2014, 

Darkoet 

al.,2017, 

al.,2018）.

In2006,theChinesegovernmentalsoissuedtheEvaluationStandardforGreenBuilding（ESGB）asthemaintechnicalbasisforcarryingoutandevaluatinggreenbuildingpracticesinChina.Thiswasupdatedin2014.AGreenBuildingLabelcanbeappliedforbyrealestateenterprisesiftheirhousingprojectsmeet 

allthecontrolitemsintheStandardandtheyareencouragedtoselectanappropriatescoreandinnovationindicators.TheGreenBuildingLabelhasthreelevels（one-star,two-starandthree-star）thatarebasedonperformanceagainstalltheindicatorsintheESGB（MOHURD,2014）.Itisworthnotingthatsince2014,GreenBuildinglabelsaredividedintotwocategoriesintheESGB:

GreenBuildingDesignLabelwhichisconductedaftertheexaminationofdesignandplanningdocuments;

and,GreenBuildingOperationLabelwhichisconductedafterone-year'

soperationofthebuilding（MOHURD,2014）.

Thissuiteofgreenhousingpolicies,regulationsandtheEvaluationStandardplayacrucialroleinguidingandincentivising‘green’housingmarketactivityandtheoperationofrealestateenterprisesinChina（Zenget 

al.,2011, 

Yeet 

al.,2013）.However,somescholarshavearguedtheretobea‘lackofpolicyrationality’ingreenhousingpoliciesinChina（LiandShui,2015, 

Shenet 

al.,2017）.TheefficacyandvalidityofcurrentChinesegreenhousingpolicieshasbeenquestionedforavarietyofreasonssuchasashortageofpost-policysupervision（Huanget 

al.,2015）;

alackofincentivestofostermarket-basedmechanismstodevelopgreenhousing（LiandShui,2015）;

and,overlappedandunclearstandardsandregulations（Zhang,2015）.ItisarguablethesepolicyconstraintsmayleadtoalackofmarketattractivenessforgreenhousingdevelopmentwhichcoulddissuadeChineserealestateenterprisesfromdeliveringgreenhousingdevelopments.Suchisthebasisoftheempiricalstudythatfollows.

2.2. 

Greenhousingdevelopment

BasedoninformationreleasedbytheMOHURD, 

Table 

1 

representsthenumberofbuildingsreceivingaGreenBuildingLabelbetween2008andSeptember2016.Thedatarevealsthatthegrowthrateofgreenbuildingshasacceleratedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Neverthelessin2015,the1,092buildingsachievingtheGreenBuildingLabelaccountedforonly12%ofbuildingstarts（NBSC,2015）,indicatingthatthemarketpenetrationofgreenbuildingdevelopmentinChinaremainslimited.

Additionally,accordingto 

al.（2018）,increasinglevelsofgreendevelopmentinthehousingsectorfacesgreaterchallengesthanthecommercialsector.AmongthehousingprojectssuccessfullyachievingGreenBuildingLabelsin2015,theproportionofthoseachievingathree-starLabelwasonly14.9%.Thisproportionwasevensmaller–4.5%–forprojectswithGreenBuildingOperationLabelsinthesameyear.Thesenumbersaremuchlowerthanthoseinthecommercialsector.

2.3. 

Greenhousingadoptionbyrealestateenterprises

Avarietyofdriversforrealestateenterprisestowardsgreenhousingdevelopmenthavebeenidentifiedintheinternationalliterature,suchasgreaterreturnoncapital（Fesselmeyer,2018）ortheeffectthatsuchinitiativescanhaveoncompanies'

reputationsandcompetitionabilities（Zenget 

al.,2011）.However,theeffectivenessofthesedriversarequestionedbyanumberofinternationalstudiesthathaveexaminedthebarriersfacingrealestateenterpriseswhenadoptinggreenhousingdevelopmentpractices（Chanet 

Sharma,2018, 

Qinet 

al.,2016, 

Hurlimannet 

al.,2018）.Althoughtherearedifferencesbetweengreenhousingdevelopmentcontextswithindevelopedanddevelopingmarkets,theadoptionofgreenhousingwiththesetwomarketcontextshasbeenshowntofacegenerallysimilarbarriers（Nguyenet 

al.,2017）.WearguethatdrawingonthisbodyofinternationalworkwillyieldamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthepotentialbarriersfacingChina'

srealestateenterprises,whichisnecessaryforformulatingricherandmoresophisticatedpathwaystoovercomethem（Chanet 

al.,2016）.Whatfollowsisasynthesisofinternationalresearchonbarrierstog