绿色住宅绿色房屋外文文献翻译Word文档格式.docx

1、The concept of green housing has been introduced in China to deal with climate issues in the housing sector. Green housing development requires a complex socio-technical transition based not just on green materials or technologies, but also, and most importantly, on the behavioural transition of hou

2、sing market actors. Little is known about how Chinese real estate enterprises are responding to the green housing transition within a Chinese context. Addressing this gap, our research aims to determine whether, and to what, extent Chinese real estate enterprises are transitioning toward greener hou

3、sing practices and what constraints may exist. This research gap is particularly pressing given the Chinese governments ambitions to promote energy efficiency in the new urban building sector by requiring 50% of urban new buildings to be green buildings by 2020 （NDRC, 2016）. Our research reveals Chi

4、nese real estate enterprises face a dilemma of going green and a range of institutional constraints that currently frustrate their uptake of green housing practices. Our research furthers knowledge on environmental and housing market governance within non-western and non-liberal contexts.Keywords: S

5、ocio-technical transitions, Green housing, Institutional analysis, Real estate enterprises, State-market relations1.IntroductionAn increasing body of scientific evidence shows that climate change, caused by human activities, is real and urgent （WWF, 2016）. China has become the largest carbon contrib

6、utor worldwide since 2014 and accounts for about one-quarter of global carbon emissions （Xu and Lin, 2017,Edenhofer etal., 2014）. The figure continues to grow as a consequence of China being in a period of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation （NBSC, 2015）. Globally, the building sector contribut

7、es up to 30% of carbon emissions, with the housing sector accounting for 24.5% of this sector （BERCTU, 2016）. According to data from the China Database of Building Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions （Ma and Cai, 2019）, energy consumption in the Chinese civil building sector reached 857million t

8、ons of standard coal equivalent （Mtce） in 2015, which accounted for 19.93% of Chinas total energy consumption. It is therefore not surprising that the building sector has been identified as the sector with the greatest potential to reduce carbon emissions （IPCC, 2007,GhaffarianHoseini etal., 2013）.I

9、n recent years, the concept of green housing1has emerged in the Chinese housing policy agenda and has since become a dominant trend for new housing building in China （Wu etal., 2018,Wu etal., 2015,Tan etJiang, 2016）. To promote green housing development, the Chinese government has issued various pol

10、icies and regulations into the Chinese housing market. However, the successful implementation of green housing policies and regulations largely depends on market actors willingness to engage with the standards set （Zeng etal., 2011）. This is especially true with regard to real estate enterprises, wh

11、o are the major delivery agents of houses and often characterised as impresarios, orchestrating developments by bringing together labour, capital, and land to create the right product in the right place at the right time （Adams etal., 2012, p.2582）.Whilst some scholars have evaluated the Chinese gov

12、ernments transition towards green housing as an effective approach to reduce carbon emissions in the housing sector （Wang, 2014; Ghaffarian Hoseini etal., 2013）, comparatively little research has been undertaken to determine whether, and to what extent, Chinese real estate enterprises are transition

13、ing toward greener housing practices and what constraints may exist. This research gap is particularly pressing given the Chinese governments ambitions to promote energy efficiency in the new urban building sector by requiring 50% of urban new buildings to be green buildings by 2020（NDRC, 2016）.We a

14、ddress this gap in knowledge by showing how Chinas real estate enterprises have responded to green housing policies and regulations. In doing so, we identify a range of key institutional constraints that exist which we argue are preventing the transition towards a green housing future in China. Our

15、research adopts a qualitative behavioural approach, drawing on institutional and socio-technical transitions literatures to conceptualise the complexity and dynamics evident in market responses to state-led policy change （Payne and Barker, 2018）. What follows is a review of previous work on green ho

16、using in China, an overview of the conceptual and methodological approaches and a discussion of the results. The paper is concluded with an overview of the contribution to knowledge.2.The green housing transition in China2.1.Green housing policyAt the national level, Chinas 13th Five-Year-Plan （FYP）

17、 requires the government to promote building energy efficiency and develop the entire industrial chain of green buildings （NDRC, 2016）. The latest goal in the 13th FYP period requires 50% of urban new buildings to be green buildings by 2020. At the local level, the survey byZhang etal. （2018）found t

18、here to be a total of 102 provincial green building policies and regulations in China. Amongst these, many focused on targeting housing market actors and encouraging them to adopt green housing developments. These supply-side policies can be grouped into four categories: land-related policies, direc

19、t or indirect subsidies, preferential policies for projects, and preferential policies for enterprises （Shi etal., 2014,Darko etal., 2017,al., 2018）.In 2006, the Chinese government also issued the Evaluation Standard for Green Building （ESGB） as the main technical basis for carrying out and evaluati

20、ng green building practices in China. This was updated in 2014. A Green Building Label can be applied for by real estate enterprises if their housing projects meetall the control items in the Standard and they are encouraged to select an appropriate score and innovation indicators. The Green Buildin

21、g Label has three levels （one-star, two-star and three-star） that are based on performance against all the indicators in the ESGB （MOHURD, 2014）. It is worth noting that since 2014, Green Building labels are divided into two categories in the ESGB: Green Building Design Label which is conducted afte

22、r the examination of design and planning documents; and, Green Building Operation Label which is conducted after one-years operation of the building （MOHURD, 2014）.This suite of green housing policies, regulations and the Evaluation Standard play a crucial role in guiding and incentivising green hou

23、sing market activity and the operation of real estate enterprises in China （Zeng etal., 2011,Ye etal., 2013）. However, some scholars have argued there to be a lack of policy rationality in green housing policies in China （Li and Shui, 2015,Shen etal., 2017）. The efficacy and validity of current Chin

24、ese green housing policies has been questioned for a variety of reasons such as a shortage of post-policy supervision （Huang etal., 2015）; a lack of incentives to foster market-based mechanisms to develop green housing （Li and Shui, 2015）; and, overlapped and unclear standards and regulations （Zhang

25、, 2015）. It is arguable these policy constraints may lead to a lack of market attractiveness for green housing development which could dissuade Chinese real estate enterprises from delivering green housing developments. Such is the basis of the empirical study that follows.2.2.Green housing developm

26、entBased on information released by the MOHURD,Table1represents the number of buildings receiving a Green Building Label between 2008 and September 2016. The data reveals that the growth rate of green buildings has accelerated significantly in recent years. Nevertheless in 2015, the 1,092 buildings

27、achieving the Green Building Label accounted for only 12% of building starts （NBSC, 2015）, indicating that the market penetration of green building development in China remains limited.Additionally, according toal. （2018）, increasing levels of green development in the housing sector faces greater ch

28、allenges than the commercial sector. Among the housing projects successfully achieving Green Building Labels in 2015, the proportion of those achieving a three-star Label was only 14.9%. This proportion was even smaller 4.5% for projects with Green Building Operation Labels in the same year. These n

29、umbers are much lower than those in the commercial sector.2.3.Green housing adoption by real estate enterprisesA variety of drivers for real estate enterprises towards green housing development have been identified in the international literature, such as greater return on capital （Fesselmeyer, 2018

30、） or the effect that such initiatives can have on companies reputations and competition abilities （Zeng etal., 2011）. However, the effectiveness of these drivers are questioned by a number of international studies that have examined the barriers facing real estate enterprises when adopting green hou

31、sing development practices （Chan etSharma, 2018,Qin etal., 2016,Hurlimann etal., 2018）. Although there are differences between green housing development contexts within developed and developing markets, the adoption of green housing with these two market contexts has been shown to face generally sim

32、ilar barriers （Nguyen etal., 2017）. We argue that drawing on this body of international work will yield a more comprehensive understanding of the potential barriers facing Chinas real estate enterprises, which is necessary for formulating richer and more sophisticated pathways to overcome them （Chan etal., 2016）. What follows is a synthesis of international research on barriers to g