专八听力原文Word文件下载.docx
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Sowaltzingis,infact,thejointactionthatemergesasthetwodancersdotheirindividualstepsincoordination,asacouple.
Similarly,doingthingswithlanguageisalsodifferentfromthesumofthespeakerspeakingandthelistenerlistening.Itisthejointactionthatemergeswhenspeakersandlisteners,orwritersandreaders,performtheirindividualactionsincoordination,asensembles.Therefore,wecansaythatlanguageuseincorporatesbothindividualandsocialprocesses.Speakersandlisteners,writersandreaders,mustcarryoutactionsasindividuals,iftheyaretosucceedintheiruseoflanguage.ButtheymustalsoworktogetherasparticipantsinthesocialunitsIhavecalledensembles.IntheexampleImentionedjustnow,thetwodancersperformbothindividualactions,movingtheirbodies,arms,andlegs,andjointactions,coordinatingthesemovements,astheycreatethewaltz.Inthepast,languageusehasbeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyanindividualprocess.Andithasalsobeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyasocialprocess.Forme,Isuggestthatitbelongstoboth.Wecannothopetounderstandlanguageusewithoutviewingitasjointactionsbuiltonindividualactions.Inordertoexplainhowalltheseactionswork,I'
dliketoreviewbrieflysettingsoflanguageuse.Bysettings,Imeanthesceneinwhichlanguageusetakesplace,plusthemedium-whichreferstowhetherlanguageuseisspokenorwritten.Andinthistalk,I'
llfocusonspokensettings.
Thespokensettingmentionedmostoftenisconversation-eitherfacetoface,oronthetelephone.Conversationsmaybedevotedtogossip,businesstransactionsorscientificmatters,butthey'
reallcharacterizedbythefreeexchangeoftermsamongthetwoparticipants.I'
llcallthesepersonalsettings.ThenwehavewhatIwouldcallnonpersonalsettings.Atypicalexampleisthemonologue.Inmonologues,onepersonspeakswithlittleornoopportunityforinterruption,orturnsbymembersoftheaudience.Monologuescomeinmanyvarietiestoo,asaprofessorlecturestoaclass,orastudentgivingapresentationtoaseminar.Thesepeoplespeakforthemselves,utteringwordstheyformulatedthemselvesfortheaudiencebeforethem,andtheaudienceisn'
texpectedtointerrupt.Inanotherkindofsettingwhicharecalledinstitutionalsettings,theparticipantsengageinspeechexchangesthatlooklikeordinaryconversation,buttheyarelimitedbyinstitutionalrules.Asexamples,wecanthinkofagovernmentofficialholdinganewsconference,alawyercrossidismoreorlessspontaneous,eventhoughturnsatspeakingareallocatedbyaleader,orarerestrictedinotherways.
Thepersonspeakingisn'
talwaystheonewhoseintentionsarebeingexpressed.Wehavetheclearestexamplesinfictionalsettings.VivianLeighplaysScarlettO'
Harain"
GonewiththeWind"
FrankSinatrasingsalovesonginfrontofaliveaudience,thespeakersareeachvocalizingwordscomposedbysomeoneelse-forinstanceaplaywrightoracomposer-andareopenlypretendingtobeexpressingopinionsthataren'
tnecessarilytheirown.Finallythereareprivatesettingswhenpeoplespeakforthemselveswithoutactuallyaddressinganyoneelse,forexample,Imightexplainsilentlytomyself,ortalktomyselfaboutsolvingaresearchproblem,orrehearsingwhatI'
mabouttosayinaseminartomorrow.WhatIsayisn'
tintendedtoberecognizedbyotherpeople,itisonlyofusetomyself.Thesearethefeaturesofprivatesettings.
SECTIONBTALK
W:
Goodevening,I'
mNancyJohnson.TheguestonourradiotalkthiseveningisProfessorWangGongwu.Hello,ProfessorWang.
M:
Hello.
ProfessorWang,you'
renowprofessoremeritusofAustraliaNationalUniversity,andinyourlongacademiccareer,you'
vewornmanyhatsastutor,lecturer,departmenthead,dean,professor,andvicechancellor.However,asIknow,you'
restillveryfondofyouruniversitydaysasastudent.
That'
sright.Thatwasin1949.TheuniversitythatIwenttowasabrand
Howdidthestudentslikeyou,forexample,studythen?
Wedidn'
tstudyveryhard,becausewedidn'
thaveto.Wedidn'
thaveallthisfantasticcompetitionthatyouhavetoday.Mmm.WewerealwaysmadetofeelthatgettingafirstdegreeintheArtsfacultywasnotpreparationforaprofession.Itwasageneraleducation.Wewerenotunderanypressuretodecideonourcareers,andwehadsuchagoodtime.Wewereleftverymuchonourown,andwewereencouragedtomakethingshappen.
Whatdoyouseeasthemoststrikingdifferenceinuniversityeducationsincethen?
Universityeducationhaschangeddramaticallysincethosedays.Thingsareveryspecializedtoday.
Yes,definitelyso.And,inyoursubsequentcareerexperienceasaneducatorandlateradministratorinvariousinstitutionsofhighereducationinAsiaandelsewhere,ProfessorWang,youhaverepeatedlynotedthatonehastolookatthedevelopmentofeducationinoneparticularcountryinabroadcontext.Whatdoyoumeanbythat?
Well,thewholeworldhasmovedawayfromeliteeducationinuniversitiestomeettheneedsofmasseducation,andenteringuniversitiesisnolongeraprivilegeforthefew.Anduniversitiestodayaremoreconcernedwithprovidingjobsfortheirgraduatesinawaythatuniversitiesinourtimeneverhadtobebotheredabout.Therefore,theemphasisofuniversityprogramstodayisnowonthepracticalandtheutilitarian,ratherthanonageneraleducationoronpersonaldevelopment.
Doyouthinkthatisawelcomedevelopment?
Well,Ipersonallyregretthisdevelopment.Butthebasicbachelor'
seducationnowhastocatertopeoplewhoreallyneedapieceofpapertofindadecentjob.
Soyou'
reconcernedaboutthisdevelopment.
Yes,I'
mveryconcerned.Withtechnicalchanges,manyofthethingsthatyoulearnaretechnicalskills,whichdon'
trequireyoutobecomeverywelleducated.Yet,ifyoucanmasterthoseskills,youcangetverygoodjobs.Sothetechnicalinstitutionsaregoingtobeincreasinglypopularattheexpenseoftraditionaluniversitites.
ProfessorWang,let'
slookatadifferentissue.Howdoyoucommentonthecurrentphenomenonbecauseofthefeestheypay?
Well,onceyouacceptstudentsonfinancialgrounds,onewonderswhetheryouhavetopassthemaswell.Butthisisthedevelopmentineducationthatwehavetocontendwith.Yet,ifweareconcernedaboutmaintainingstandards,whatwecandoistoconcentrateonimprovingthequalityofeducation.
Yes,you'
reright.Auniversityisjudgedbythequalityofeducationitoffers.ProfessorWang,let'
sturntothefuture.Whattypeofgraduates,inyourview,touniversitiesofthefutureneedtoproduce,iftheyaretoremainrelevant?
Ithinktheirgraduatesmustbeabletoshiftfromoneprofessiontoanother,becausetheyaretrainedinaveryindependentway.Ifyoucandothat,youraisetheleveloftheflexibilityofthemind.Today'
srapidchangesintechnologydemandthisadaptability.Andyouseethebestuniversitiesintheworldarealreadytryingtoguaranteethattheirstudentswillnotonlybetechnicallytrained,butwillbethekindofpeoplethatcanadapttoanychangingsituation.
Iguessmanypeoplewouldagreewithyouonthatpoint.Universityeducationshouldfocusonbothpersonalandprofessionaldevelopmentofstudents.Butstillsomemightbelievethereisadefiniteplaceforeducationinabroadersense-thatis,inpersonalintellectualdevelopment.
Nodoubtaboutthat.Weneedpeoplewhowillthinkaboutthefuture,aboutthepast,andalsopeoplewhowillthinkaboutsociety.Ifasocietydoesn'
thavephilosophers,orpeoplewhothinkaboutthevalueoflife,it'
saverysadsocietyindeed.
ProfessorWang,mylastquestion:
doyouseeanycommongroundineducationbetweenyourgenerationandtheyounggenerationnow?
Adaptingtonewchallengesisperhapsthetruecornerstoneofourgeneration'
slegacytoeducation.Andthefutureofeducationinacountryrestsnotsomuchontheconstructionofbetterbuildings,labs,etc.,butinthedevelopmentofanever
strue.Theessenceofeducationistheeducationofthemind.Okay,thankyouverymuch,ProfessorWang,fortalkingtousontheshowaboutthechangingtrendsineducation.
You'
rewelcome
SECTIONC
AnewdatashowsthattheglobalAIDSpandemicwillcauseasharpdropinlifeexpectancyindozensofcountries,insomecases,declinesofthreedecades.Severalnationsarelosingacentury'
sprogressinextendingthelengthoflife.Nationsineverypartoftheworld,51inall,aresufferingdeclininglifeexpectanciesbecauseofanincreasingprevalenceofHIVinfection.TheincreaseisoccurringinAsia,LatinAmerica,andtheCarribbean,butisgreatestinsubAfrica,aregionwithon