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版英语名师讲练大一轮复习浙江专用人教测评十四必修3Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars
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核心素养测评十四
必修3 Unit4 Astronomy:
thescienceofthestars
(限时35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
ThereisanancientChinesestoryaboutagiantmannamedKuaFuwhochasesthesun.Hedrains(喝干)theYellowandWeiriversduringhisraceandfinallydiesofdehydration(脱水).Hisfailurehasremindedpeopleoftheunstoppablepowerofthesunforcenturies.Andyet,scientiststhroughouthistoryhavetriedtobetterunderstandthemostimportantstarinoursky.OnAug12,2018,NASAlaunchedtheParkerSolarProbe(探测器),markingthestartofitstriptothesun.
TheprobeitselfisalmostasbigasacarandneededthehelpofapowerfulrockettoescapeEarth’sorbit,changedirectionandreachthesun.Inordertoreachthesun,theprobemustcompletesevenflightsofVenus,usingthepoweroftheplanet’sgravitytochangeitspath,sendingittowardthesun.Butthat’snottheonlydifficultpartofthejourney.Astheprobeapproachesthesun’scorona(日冕),itwillhavetobeartemperaturesreaching1,400℃,aswellasdealwithseriousradiation.Sohowwilltheprobesurvive?
AccordingtoNASA,aspecialshield(保护罩)hasbeenused,whichisaspecial11.5cm-thickcarbon-compositeshieldthatwillbepositionedbetweentheprobeandthesun’scorona.Itsadvancedtechnologylikethiswillmaketheprobe’striptothesunmuchsmoother.Ifeverythinggoesasplanned,theprobewillreachaspeedof692,018kilometersperhourasitorbitsthesun,settinganewrecordforthefastestman-madeobjectinhistory,NBCnoted.Itwillflyclosetothesun24timesbetween2018and2025,NBCadded.
The“missiontotouchthesun”will“notonlymakehistorybyansweringquestionsthathavepuzzledscientistsfordecades,butitmayalsoleadtothediscoveryofnewphenomenathatarecompletelyunknowntousnow,”RaouafitoldDiscoveryMagazine.“Thismissionhasthepotentialtopushsolarresearchintoanewdirection,”headded.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。
古有“夸父逐日”的故事,自古至今人们一直未停止对太阳的探索。
近日,美国国家航空航天局发射了帕克太阳探索器,人类“逐日”的梦想终于要实现了。
1.Whatdoes“it”underlinedinparagraph2referto?
A.Apowerfulrocket. B.Theprobe.
C.Venus.D.Theplanet’sgravity.
【解析】选B。
词义猜测题。
根据第二段的Inordertoreachthesun,theprobemustcompletesevenflightsofVenus可知,此处是指利用行星引力的力量改变探测器的路径,使它朝向太阳,因此,此处的it是指probe,故选B。
2.WhatdoweknowabouttheParkerSolarProbe?
A.It’sthefastestprobeeverdesigned.
B.Ithasan11.5-inch-thickshield.
C.Itwasdesignedtocarryapowerfulrocket.
D.It’stwicethesizeofacar.
【解析】选A。
细节理解题。
根据第三段的Ifeverythinggoesasplanned,theprobewillreachaspeedof692,018kilometersperhourasitorbitsthesun,settinganewrecordforthefastestman-madeobjectinhistory,NBCnoted.可知,theParkerSolarProbe是曾被设计的最快的探测器,故选A。
3.Theprobewillmeetthechallengesexcept______.
A.theroutetothesun
B.theheatnearthesun
C.thedistancetothesun
D.theradiationfromthesun
【解析】选C。
细节理解题。
根据第二段的theprobemustcompletesevenflightsofVenus,usingthepoweroftheplanet’sgravitytochangeitspath和Astheprobeapproachesthesun’scorona,itwillhavetobeartemperaturesreaching1,400℃,aswellasdealwithseriousradiation.可知,探测器将会遇到去太阳的路线、太阳的温度和太阳辐射的挑战,但没有到太阳的距离问题,故选C。
4.What’sthemainpurposeofthelastparagraph?
A.Tostresstheimportanceofadvancedtechnology.
B.Toprovethemissionisthegreatestmoveinhumanhistory.
C.Tosuggestthereisalongwaytogoinsolarexploration.
D.Toshowthemissionwillfillthegapinsolarresearch.
【解析】选D。
推理判断题。
根据上文主要介绍了“触日任务”,再结合本段内容,尤其是Thismissionhasthepotentialtopushsolarresearchintoanewdirection.由此可推断出,本段的目的是证明这一任务将填补太阳能研究的空白,故选D。
【知识拓展】难句分析
Ifeverythinggoesasplanned,theprobewillreachaspeedof692,018kilometersperhourasitorbitsthesun,settinganewrecordforthefastestman-madeobjectinhistory,NBCnoted.
分析:
本句是一个复合句。
句中if引导条件状语从句,从句中含有一个as引导的方式状语从句的省略(asitisplanned);as引导时间状语从句;settinganewrecordforthefastestman-madeobjectinhistory为现在分词作结果状语。
翻译:
NBC指出,如果一切如计划的那样,探测器在绕太阳轨道运转的时候会达到692,018千米每小时的速度,创了历史上人造物体的最快速度。
B
AccordingtotheGuinnessWorldRecords,aSitkaSpruce(锡特卡云杉)growingonNewZealand’ssouthernmostislandistheloneliesttreeonEarth.NotonlyisittheonlytreeonCampbellIsland,butthenearestothertreecanbefoundover200kmawayontheAucklandIslands.
Bluff,CampbellIslandisoneoftheharshestplacesintheworld.Withstrongwindsblowingalmostallyearroundandlessthan600hoursofsunshine,it’snotexactlyagoodplacetolivein,whichisprobablywhy,exceptforoccasionalvisitsbyresearchscientists,it,hasremaineddesertedforoverhalfacentury.
ItisbelievedthattheSitkaSpruceonCampbellIslandwasplantedbyLordRanfurly,aformergovernorofNewZealand,sometimebetween1901and1907.It’snotclearwhyhedecidedtoplantthere,butaccordingtosomesourceshesaidthattheislandwasnotproductive,andtookthefirststeptocoveritwithforestry.Hisideawasnevergoingtoworkbecauseoftheharshclimateofthearea,butsomehowtheSitkaSprucesurvived.
ApartfromitsreputationastheloneliesttreeonEarth,theSitkaSpruceofCampbellIslandhasaseriesofotherparticularities.Firstofallitsshapemakesitlookmorelikeagiantcauliflowerthanatree.Thisisbelievedtohavebeencausedbyrepeatedlycuttingdownitstrunkeveryyear,fordecades.Anotherinterestingthingabouttheworld’sloneliesttreeisthat,thoughitisover100yearsold,ithasneverproducedcones(球果).
Whoknewalonelytreegrowing200kmawayfromitsnearestcousinscouldbesointeresting?
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。
文章介绍世界上最孤独的树。
5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“harshest”inParagraph2probablymean?
A.Loneliest. B.Rarest.
C.Hottest.D.Severest.
【解析】选D。
词义猜测题。
根据第二段中Withstrongwindsblowingalmostallyearroundandlessthan600hoursofsunshine,it’snotexactlyagoodplacetolivein“这里一年四季都有强风,日照不足600小时,不太适合居住,”由此推知划线词的意思是“剧烈的,严峻的”。
故选D。
6.WhatcanbelearnedaboutLordRanfurly?
A.Hewasagovernorfortenyears.
B.HemadeCampbellIslandproductive.
C.HeattemptedtogetCampbellIslandforested.
D.HerealizedtheSitkaSprucecouldsurviveinNewZealand.
【解析】选C。
推理判断题。
根据第三段butaccordingtosomesourceshesaidthattheislandwasnotproductive,andtookthefirststeptocoveritwithforestry.可知,关于LordRanfurly我们能了解到他试图让CampbellIsland森林化。
故选C。
7.Paragraph4ismainlyabout______oftheSitkaSpruce.
A.theuniqueshapeB.thespecialfeatures
C.thehighreputationD.thegrowthprocess
【解析】选B。
段落大意题。
根据第四段第一句ApartfromitsreputationastheloneliesttreeonEarth,theSitkaSpruceofCampbellIslandhasaseriesofotherparticularities.可知,第四段主要是关于theSitkaSpruce的特点。
故选B。
8.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?
A.Tointroducetheloneliesttreeintheworld.
B.TopromotetourismonCampbellIsland.
C.Toemphasizetheimportanceofforestry.
D.TohonourLordRanfurly.
【解析】选A。
目的意图题。
根据倒数第二段中Firstofallitsshapemakesitlookmorelikeagiantcauliflowerthanatree.Thisisbelievedtohavebeencausedbyrepeatedlycuttingdownitstrunkeveryyear,fordecades.Anotherinterestingthingabouttheworld’sloneliesttreeisthat,thoughitisover100yearsold,ithasneverproducedcones.可知,这篇文章的目的是介绍世界上最孤独的树。
故选A。
Ⅱ.完形填空世纪金榜导学号
AfterIstruggledtogetovermyfirstwifeCeorgia’sdeath,mylifefinallyreturnedtonormal.
Butafewweeksaftershewascalledtoheaven,Iwascookingdinnerformysonandmyself.Fora 1 ,Idecidedonfrozenpeas.AsIwascuttingopenthebag,it 2 frommyhandsandcrashedtothefloor.Thepeasrolledeverywhere.Itriedtousea 3 ,butwitheachswipethepeasrolledacrossthe 4 ,bouncedoffthewallontheothersideandrolledinanother 5 .
Mymentalstateatthetimewas 6 .Losingmywifeisanunbearable 7 .Igotonmyhandsandkneesandpulledthemintoa 8 .IwashalflaughingandhalfcryingasI 9 them.Icouldseethehumorinwhathappened, 10 itdoesn’ttakemuchforapersondealingwithgrief(悲痛)tobreakdown.
Forthenextweek,everytimeIwasinthekitchen,Iwouldfindapeathathad 11 myfirstcleanup.EightmonthslaterI 12 therefrigeratortoclean,andfoundthosefew 13 peas.Atthattime,Iwasinanew 14 withawonderfulwomanImetataparty.Afterwemarried,Iwas 15 ofthosepeasundertherefrigerator.I 16 thatmylifehadbeenlikethatbagoffrozenpeas.Mywifewas 17 .Iwasinanewcitywithabusyjobandasonhavingtroubleadjustingtohisnew 18 andthelossofhismother.Mywholelifeisfallingapart.
Whenlifegetsyoudown;whenyouthinkyoucannever 19 thetoughtimes,remember,itisjustabagofscattered,frozenpeas.Youwillfindallthepeas.Whenyoupullallthepeastogether,lifewillbe 20 again.
【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议类的文章。
作者的妻子去世了,作者感到生活完全破碎了。
后来作者意识到:
困难时期就像一袋散了的冻豌豆。
最终会找到所有散落的豌豆,渡过艰难时期,生活终将变得完整。
1.A.fruit B.vegetable
C.meatD.salad
【解析】选B。
fruit水果;vegetable蔬菜;meat肉;salad沙拉。
pea属于蔬菜类,故B选项正确。
2.A.slippedB.disappeared
C.crawledD.lost
【解析】选A。
slip滑,滑倒;disappear消失;crawl爬,爬行;lose失去。
根据下文中“Thepeasrolledeverywhere”可以推知,作者在剪开袋子的时候,袋子从作者的手里滑了下去,掉到了地板上。
豌豆滚得到处都是。
故A选项正确。
3.A.toolB.cloth
C.brushD.broom
【解析】选D。
tool工具;cloth布;brush刷子;broom扫帚。
根据后面的eachswipe可知,作者用扫帚扫掉到地上的豌豆。
故D选项正确。
4.A.kitchenB.washroom
C.restaurantD.bedroom
【解析】选A。
kitchen厨房;washroom洗手间;restaurant餐馆;bedroom卧室。
作者做晚饭,当然是在厨房里。
故A选项正确。
5.A.disagreementB.effort
C.directionD.companion
【解析】选C。
disagreement异议,分歧;effort努力;direction方向;companion同伴。
豌豆从另一边的墙上反弹过来,向另一个方向滚去。
C选项正确。
6.A.fragileB