语料库语言学论文文档格式.docx
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Oh"
inSpokenDiscourse:
ACorpus-basedApproach
CONTENT
Introduction1
LiteratureReview3
1.Studyondiscoursemarkers3
1.1OverviewoftheLiterature3
1.2Acommunicativecompetenceperspective3
1.3ACorpus-basedGrammarPerspective3
1.4ASociolinguisticPerspective5
1.5ASemanticCohesionPerspective5
1.6APragmaticPerspective6
1.7Conclusion6
1.ResearchonDiscourseinSpeechContexts7
2.1DiscoursePatternsinSocialSettings7
2.2DiscourseMarkersinSocialSettings8
2.3TheFunctionsofDiscourseMarker“Well”and“Oh”9
2.4TheCorpus-linguisticApproachtotheStudyofDiscourseMarkers9
2.5ResearchQuestionandHypothesis11
MethodandResults11
ImplicationsandLimitations14
Introduction
Ashumanbeings,wecommunicatetoregulateourrelationshipwiththeothersandself.Whenpeoplearecommunicating,theyareexpressingemotions,conveyingideas,makingfantasiesorexertinginfluences.Speakingisoneofthefundamentalactivitiesthroughwhichthegoalsofcommunicatingcanbeachieved.Languageisthepremisesofspeakingandontheotherhanditcanberegardedastheproductionofspeaking.Languageactsasthemessengerwhichconveyideasbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Theuseoflanguagemaylargelydeterminewhatandhowpeoplespeak,thusaffectingtheprocessandconsequenceofcommunication.Thisrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthehumanbehaviorofspeakingconnectthestudyoflanguageandthestudyofcommunicationbehavior.Furthermore,successfulcommunicationmustbecompletedwiththepropermedium,whichissocialcontextinthesociolinguisticperspective.Peopleevolveinallkindsofactivitieseveryday,inordertocarrythroughtheseactivitiesitisimpossibletoavoidinteractionwithothers.Differentwaystocommunicatearenotonlynecessarybutalsosignificantincompletingtheobjectionsofcommunicationmadebythespeakerandthehearer,becausepeopleplaydifferentrolesindifferentsocialcontextsinwhichtherelationshipsbetweeneachotherisdifferent.Henceforwardthevariedinteractionsinvarioussocialcontextsrequirethatthebehaviorofspeakingshouldalsobevariedaccordingtodifferentsocialcontexts.Asmentionedabove,theuseoflanguagesignificantlyinfluencetheprocessandproductionofspeakingactivity.Inturn,aslongasthespeakingactivityisboundbysocialcontexts,thespeakerincertainsocialcontextmustuselanguageaccordingtothenormsandregulationsofthatcontext.Thatistosay,languageiscontextsensitive.
Thenotionthatlanguageiscontextsensitiveisnotnew.Schiffrin(1988)concludesthatcontextsfeaturessuchasculturalpresuppositionsconstraintshavepoweronalllevelsoflanguagefeatures,andontheotherwayaround,thatlanguagereflectsthosecontextsbecauseithelpstoconstitutethem.ItcanbeseenfromSchiffrin(1988)thatthelanguageisboundinsocialcontextanditismoretosaythatcontextsinfluencelanguagethantheotherwayaroundbecausecontextsisthepreconditionoftheoccurringoflanguage.Butitistruethatthestudyofeitheroneinthepaircouldfacilitatethestudyoftheother.e
Theproductionoftheparticipantscontributetotheconversationcanbecalleddiscourse.However,inthestudyofdiscourseanalysis,“discourse”isavastandambiguousterm,forithasitsintellectualrootsnotonlyinlinguistics.Despitedifferencesindefiningdiscourseandapproachestodiscourseanalysis,inthisthesistheperspectiveofStubbs(1983)istakenforitssociolinguisticview.Stubbs(1983)statesthattostudyconversationalexchangesandlanguageinuseinsocialcontexts,inparticulardialoguebetweenspeakersispartofdiscourseanalysis.
Toanalyzediscourse,itishelpfultostudydiscoursemarkersatthefirststage.Discoursemarkersarethemajordevicethatusedbyconversationparticipantstoachievetheobjectionofcommunication.Agreatmanystudies,throughdifferentperspective,suchaspragmatics,sociolinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics,havethrownlightonthenature,functionandgrammaticalfeaturesofdiscoursemarkersandconsequentlypromotetheunderstandingandfurtherstudyofdiscourseanalysis.Inasociolinguisticperspective,spokendiscourse,especiallyconversation,isinteractiveco-constructedbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,andthepatternofdiscoursemarkersoccurredinthenaturalflowofturnsbetweenthemareservedastheessentialdevicestomaintaintheprogressofconversation,untiltheultimateobjectionofcommunicationisfulfilled.Viewingthenatureandtheirvitalimportanceinauthenticcommunication,itisnecessarytostudythediscoursemarkersinreal-lifesettings,togetmoreinsightsaboutthepatternoftheminsocialinteraction.
LiteratureReview
1.Studyondiscoursemarkers
1.1OverviewoftheLiterature
Theprogressandunderstandingofdiscoursemarkersareadvancedbycontributionsfromvariousfieldoflanguagestudies.Maybebecausediscoursemarkersaresopervasiveinlanguagethatbarelynostudyonthelinguisticsorlanguagefeaturescannotevadetoinvolvethemintheirscope.Whetheritisinthestudyofthenatureoflanguageorthestudyoflanguageinlearningandteaching,discoursemarkersarecloselyrelatedwithdiscoursecoherence.
1.2Acommunicativecompetenceperspective
Intheappliedlinguisticfieldoflanguageteachingandlearning,Bygate(1987)discussesthefeaturesofspeakingactivity,aswellasitsrelationshiplearners,proposingthatrealizingandcopingwiththosefeaturespromotetheprocessofspeaking.Becausetheprocessofspeakingistimepressure,speakershavetousedevicestofacilitateproductionandcompensateforthedifficulties.Thesedevicesarenotonlyusedbynativespeakers,theyalsoshouldbepartoftheknowledgeofforeignlanguagelearners.Bygate’sdiscussionfacilitatingdevicesincludesimplifyingstructure,ellipsis,formulaicexpressionanduseoffillerandhesitationdevices.Withfillers,heputsthattheyaretimecreatingdevicesdealingwiththeshortandunretrivalbleburstsoflanguage,makingitpossibleforthespeakerstocommentfreelyonremarksastheycomeup.Thesefillersaswellasotherfacilitatingdevicescanbefoundintheappropriateuseofphrasesformanagementofinteraction,includingagendamanagementandturntaking.Luoma(2004)suggeststhatassessingtheuseofwordssuchas“well”,“youknow”and“Imean”canbeintegratedintheassessmentcriteriaofspeakingcompetence.Theuseofthesewordsispartofpragmaticsofthespeakers’languageknowledge.Inherdoctoralthesis,Hasselgren(1998)referstoacategoryofwordsas“small”words,whichdonothaveconcretemeaningbutareusedfrequentlyinspeakingtomaintainthefluentbackandforthofspeech.Thecompetencyofmasteringthese“small”wordsinspeechisvalidatedasamarkofspeakingproficiencyofthespeaker,inspiteoftheirculturalbackgrounds.
1.3ACorpus-basedGrammarPerspective
Whereasstudiesinappliedlinguisticsfocusedontheteaching,learning,andassessingofdiscoursemarkersinviewoflearners’competenceandstrategy,studiesonspokenlanguagegrammarhavetheirorientationontheinherentcharacteristicsoflanguagegrammar.InexploringthespokengrammarofEnglishlanguage,Biberetal.(1999)claimsthatthedifferentanalysisofgrammarbetweenconversationallanguageandwrittenlanguageliesinthefactthattheunitsofconversationallanguageisnotsentenceandsuchunitsasfundamentalstructureunitsofgrammartreatedtraditionallyandinmoderntheorydonotexistinconversationallanguage.Similarly,theexplorationofspokengrammarcannotgowithouttakingthenaturalfeaturesofconversationintoconsideration.Featuresofconversationsuchashappeninginsharedcontext,avoidingelaborationorspecificationofmeaningandemployingavernacularrangeofexpressionsleadparticipantsofconversationusecompositeutterancetocopewiththepressurecausedbythefeaturesofconversationandatthesametimetoconveysomefairlycomplexmessages.Tostartacompositeutterance,itisfrequenttouseutterancelaunchersasmarkerstoshowtheotherparticipantintheconversationthatanotherturnisintended.Amongtheutterancelaunchers,insertsfunctionasthemarkersofstartingofaturn,sotheirlocationisalwaysatthebeginningofcertainutterance.Discoursemarkerslike“well”,“youknow”,“Imean”isonlyonekindofinserts,othermostcommoninsertsincludeinterjection(Oh),responseforms(yes)andhesitations.(um,er).Heretheclassificationsubordinatingdiscoursemarkersasinsertsmaybedifferentfromthatinlinguisticstudy,especiallyinthefielddiscourseanalysiswhichwilledbediscussedlater,butitistruethatthisclassificationismadefromtheviewoftheirfunctionsandisopen,andthattheyaremultifunctional.Forexample,“Oh”,asbyfarthemostcommonoftheinterjections,sharesalsointhefunctionofdiscoursemarkers,andresponseforms.Inadditiontothedefinitionofinsertsfromafunctionalandutteranceinitialview,inserts,ontheotherhand,aredefinedasaclassofstandalonewordswhichare“characterizedingeneralbytheirinabilitytoenterintosyntacticrationswithotherstructures”.(Biberetal.,1999,1082)Henceforward,thedefinitionofdiscoursemarkersmadebyBiberetal:
“discoursemarkersareinsertswhichtendtooccuratthebeginningofaturnorautterance,andtocombinetwoofroles:
tosignalatransmutationintheevolvingprogressoftheconversation,andtosignalaninteractiverelationshipbetweenthespeaker,hearerandmessage”.(Biberetal.,19