英文《中国文化概览》PPT文稿.docx

英文《中国文化概览》PPT文稿.docx

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英文《中国文化概览》PPT文稿

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ANINTRODUCTIONTOCHINESECULTURE

Contents

Foreword

Part1:

TheOriginsofChineseCivilization

1.EarlyCivilization

2.JadeCulture

3.BronzeCulture

Part2:

WritingandLanguage

1.ChineseCharacters

2.ChineseDialects

Part3:

ChinesePhilosophy

1.Confucianism

2.Daoism

3.ChineseBuddhism

4.HistoricalScholarship

Part4.Literature

1.Poetry

2.EssayWriting

3.TheNovel

Part5.Art

1.Calligraphy

2.Painting

3.Sculpture

4.Architecture

5.Music

6.Dance

7.Drama

8.Crafts

Ceramics

SilkTextiles

Lacquerware

9.FolkArt

Acrobatics

MiscellaneousArtsandCrafts

Part6.CulturalExchange

1.CulturalExchangeinAncientChina

2.CulturalExchangeinModernChina

Afterword

Foreword

IneasternAsialiesavastland,9.6millionsquarekilometersinarea,thatstretchesfromtheheightsoftheQinghai-TibetanPlateauinthewest,totheboundlessPacificOceanintheeast.ThisisChina,thecradleofChinesecivilizationandhometofifty-sixdifferentethnicgroups.

Chinesecultureembodiesthephilosophyofholism.AncientChinesephilosophersbelievedthatallthingsareinterrelated,andthatHeaven,Earth,andHumanityformaunifiedwhole.ThisholisticphilosophyinfluenceseveryaspectofChineselanguage,literature,andart,aswellasthedailylivesandhabitsoftheChinesepeople.ChinesecultureupholdsthecentralpositionofhumanbeingswithintheunityofHeavenandEarth.Itemphasizespersonalethicsandself-cultivation,andthepursuitofmoralperfection.Advocatingmoderation,itseeksbalanceandharmonyinallthings.

Two-partjadebidiskwithcarvedchihu（dragon-tiger）,

WarringStatesPeriod（475-221BC）

（Thechihuisatypeofdragonwiththeheadofatiger.Chi（thedragon）representsyin,orEarth,andhu（thetiger）representsyang,orHeaven.Thechihu,ordragon-tiger,thereforerepresentstheunionofHeavenandEarthandthebalancebetweenyinandyang.）

Part1:

TheOriginsofChineseCivilization

AccordingtoChineselegend,agiantnamedPanguusedagreataxetosplitPrimordialChaosandcreateHeavenandEarth.AgoddessnamedNüwathencreatedanimalsandhumanbeingsoverthecourseofsixdays.Nüwabecameresponsibleforhumanprocreation,andherelderbrother,Fuxi,becameresponsibleforagriculture,hunting,andshelter.

Legendhasitthatfourtofivethousandyearsago,atriballeaderknownastheYellowEmperorbattledformanyyearstodefeatmanyothertribes.Intheend,heassimilatedthetribeofYanDiandestablishedtheHuaxia,orHanChinesepeople.Forthisreason,HanChinesepeopleallovertheworldrefertothemselvesasthe"descendentsofYanDiandtheYellowEmperor."

NüwaandFuxi,TangDynasty（618-907AD）

1.EarlyCivilization

Whenhumanity'sancestorsstartedtofashiontoolsoutofstone,thecurtainslowlyroseonhumancivilization.

China'sStoneAgelastedforatleastonemillionyears.TheChineseancestorsstartedtomakepotteryduringthelateNeolithicPeriod,around5000BC.ThisperiodisrepresentedbyYangshaoCulture,onthemiddlereachesoftheYellowRiver,andHemuduCulture,onthelowerreachesoftheChangjiangRiver.

YangshaoCultureflourishedfromapproximately5000to3000BC.ItsexquisitepaintedpotteryrepresentstheheightofearlyChineseceramicart.Avarietyofbeautifullypaintedvesselshavebeenexcavated,typicallydecoratedwithfiguresoffish.Variousexplanationshavebeengivenastothemeaningoftheseuniquedecorations.Somescholarsbelievethattheyrepresentedtotemicdeities,othersthinktheywereprayersforabundantharvest,whilestillotherssaythattheyweregoodluckcharmstoinvokefruitfulprocreation.

Paintedpotteryvesselwithhumanfacesandfish,

YangshaoCulture（c.5000-3000BC）

Carbonizedtracesoflargeamountsofricehavebeenexcavatedfromtheruinsofa7000year-oldHemuduCulturesite.ThisisasignoftheabundantharvestsandaffluenceenjoyedbytheseearlyChineseancestors.TheHemudupeoplealsoinventedmortiseandtenonjoinery,whichtheyusedtoconstructChina'searliestwoodenpostandbeambuildings.Thesecharacteristicinterlockingjointsareusedtoconnecttwopiecesoflumber.Theyconsistofaprotrusion（thetenon）ononepiece,whichfitsintoacorrespondingslot（themortise）onanother.ThistechniqueisstillusedinChinatodaytoconstructwoodenbuildingsandfurniture.

2.JadeCulture

ThelateNeolithicAgesawtheadventofChina'sunique"jadeculture."

TheChinesepeoplehavealwaysconsideredjadetobeforemostamongtheinfinitetreasuresthatNaturehasbestoweduponhumanity.DuringtheNeolithicAge,stoneworkinggraduallygaverisetotheproductionofjadearticles.Jadewasfirstusedtomakeornaments,andlaterforritualobjectsusedinsacrificialceremonies.

Jadecongwithcarvedanimalface,LiangzhuCulture（c.3300-2200BC）

ThedragonisthetotemoftheChineseancestors.TheearlyChinesepeoplehadnorationalexplanationsformanynaturalphenomena.Asaresult,theyimaginedthattheremustbesomesupernaturalanimalthatcontrolledallotheranimals,aswellascelestialphenomena,inthesamewaythattheremustbealeaderforeveryclan.Theycombinedcharacteristicsofvariousanimalstocreatethedragon:

theheadofacamel,bodyofasnake,hornsofastag,eyesofatortoise,scalesofafish,pawsofatiger,clawsofaneagle,andearsofacow.Thiscombinationoffeaturesindicatedthedragon'sstatusanomnipotentdeityandchiefofalltheanimals.ManyexquisitelycarvedjadedragonshavebeenexcavatedfromNeolithicsites.Amongthemisajadedragondiscoveredin1971.Itis26cmtall,andcarvedoutofasinglepieceofdarkgreenjade.Thehead,carvedinbas-relief,resemblestheheadofapig,whilethebodyiscurvedintotheshapeofa"C."Theentirepieceishighlypolishedtoasmoothandlustrousfinish.BecauseitistheearliestexampleofaChinesejadedragonfoundtodate,itisreferredtoas"China'sfirstjadedragon."

Jadedragon,HongshanCulture（c.3500BC）

Duringthe6thcenturyBC,theConfucianschoolofphilosophyheldthatritualjadeobjectsweresymbolicofhumannature.Theirsoftlusterrepresentedserenity,whiletheirflawlessclarityrepresentedrefinementofcharacter.AsConfucianismdeveloped,ritualjadeobjectswereappropriatedbythenobilityasemblemsofrankandstatus.Evenmoreimportantly,theycametobeseenassymbolsofevolvedcharacterandmoralperfection.

3.BronzeCulture

China'sBronzeCulturereacheditspeakinthe16thcenturyBCandflourishedfor1000years.Bronzewasusedprimarilytocraftritualobjectsandmusicalinstruments,ratherthantheagriculturaltoolsandweaponscharacteristicofotherBronzeAgecultures.Manycastbronzeobjectsbearingaccountsofsacrificialritesandhistoricalincidentsweremadeduringthistime,providingimportantrecordsoftheperiod.

BronzeSimuwuding（cookingvessel）,ShangDynasty（c.1600-1046BC）

Bronzerhinoceroszun（winevessel）withinlaidgoldandsilverclouddesign,

WesternHan（202BC-9AD）

LegendhasitthattheAncientKingdomofShuexistedintheSichuanBasinduringtheShang-Zhouperiod.Althoughhistoricalrecordsprovidenodefinitedatesforthisancientkingdom,itsexistencewasconfirmedbythediscoveryoftheSanxingduiarcheologicalsiteinGuanghan,Sichuan.TheSanxingduisiteislocatedinGuanghan,SichuanProvince,inNanxingTownship.ThesurroundingterrainconsistsofthreeloesspromontoriesrisingoutoftheChengduplain.ThenameSanxingduiliterallymeans"threepromontories."MostoftheartifactsunearthedatSanxingduiarebronzeobjectsthatareapproximately5000yearsold.Theyincludea262centimeterstallstandinghumanfigure,abronzemaskthatis65centimeterstall,andbronzehumanfigures.Interestingly,thesefigureshavecharacteristicallyWesternfeatures,withhighnosesandlargeeyes,quiteunlikethefeaturesthatwerecommoninCentralChinaatthetime.Asacredbronzetreewithninemythicalbirdsandonedragonperchedinitsbranchesstands395centimeterstall.Itisthetallestsingleancientbronzeartifactinexistence.

ThesehumanandanimalfiguresarequiteatypicalofCentralChina'sBronzeCulture.Nowrittenrecordscouldbefoundonthesebronzeobjects,sotheoriginsofSanxingduicultureremainsamystery.ThedisappearanceoftheAncientKingdomofShualsoremainsunexplained.Theexcavationofnumerousritualobjects,aswellasgoldenstaffsinscribedwithindecipherablesymbols,onlyaddstotheriddleofSanxingduicivilization.

BronzestandingfigurefromSanxingdui,AncientKingdomofShu,Xia-Shang-Zhouperiod（c.2070-256BC）

Part2:

WritingandLanguage

ChinesecharactersareChina'sprincipalformofwriting.ThehistoryofChinesecharactersspansover3000years,makingthemoneoftheworld'soldestformsofwrittencommunication.QinShihuang,China'sfirstemperor,standardizedChinesecharactersin221BC.China'sethnicminoritiesalsohaveanumberofuniquewritingsystems.SpokenChinesehasmanydifferentdialectsandpronunciations.In1955,theChinesegovernmentestablishedMandarinChineseasthestandardpronunciation.

1.Chi