美国保护动物法发展Protection of animal law in the United StatesWord格式文档下载.docx

美国保护动物法发展Protection of animal law in the United StatesWord格式文档下载.docx

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1erabackground

Asearlyasin1641,whentheMassachusettslocalgovernmentwasfounded,thelawspassedcontainedprovisionsonanimals:

Forexample,ninety-second:

nooneshouldbecrueltoanimals,andtheninety-thirdoneistomovethecattlefromoneplacetoanother

Oneshouldgivethemproperrestwhentheyareintheground.However,thesetwodecreesareentirelyfromtheinterestsofmankind,andtheirexistenceisalso

Similarlawswerenotmadeinotherstatesoutsidemassachusetts.TheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStatesmustwaitmorethan200morequietly

BythemiddleofnineteenthCentury,thesocialbaseforitsthrivinggrowthwasreallymature.

Inthesocialenvironmentatthattime,severalfactorscontributedtothedevelopmentoftheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedstates.

First,walkinginfrontoftheBritishanimalprotectionmovementprovidesagoodexample.Second,alotoftheoreticalandstrategic

Experiencecanbegainedfromtheabolitionistmovement.Third,theinfluenceofDarwin'

stheoryofevolution.Fourth,somesocietiesbroughtaboutbytheindustrialrevolution

Ethicalapprehension.

TheanimalprotectionmovementinBritainisseveraldecadesearlierthanintheUnitedstates.In1749,theBritishnewspapersandmagazinesoncecriticizedthefight

Cruelentertainmentsuchaschickens"

.In1789,thephilosopherJeremy,Bentham,Jeremy,Bentham'

sbook,moralityand

IntroductiontolegislativeprinciplesAnIntroductiontothePrinciplesofMoralsandLegislation>

firsttime

Applythetheoryofrightstoanimals.Hebelievesthatlawsshouldprovideprotectionfornon-humananimalsbasedonStandards

Thequestionisnot:

cantheyreason?

Notreally:

cantheytalk?

But:

willtheysuffer?

"

Bentham

Thisarticlehasinspiredmanypeople,manyabolitionistmovementsandwomen'

srightscampaigners,fortheprotectionofanimalsasothermeansofLiberation

Naturalextensionofmotion.In1800and1802,theybeganpromotinganimalprotectionlegislationintheBritishParliament,butallbecauseoftheanti-animallegislation

Therejectionofthefactionfailed.In1809,Bentham'

sfriendThomasKaine,EarlofLordThomasErskineMrbias

InCongress,thebilltopromoteanimalprotectionendedinfailure.Itwasn'

tuntil1822thatRichardDeMartinRichardMartin

Thesuccessfuladoptionoftheso-calledMartinActstipulatesthatcattle,horses,sheepandmulesshouldnotbesubjectedto"

excessive"

abuse.Althoughthis

Theprotectionprovidedbythelawisverylimited,butitisanimportantprecedent.Oncecertainanimalsareformallyprotectedbythelaw,

Inthefuture,moreandmoreanimalswillbeincludedinthescopeofprotection.

AlthoughtheMartinactwaspassed,thesuccessofthelegislationdoesnotmeanthatthelawenforcerswillseriouslypursuetheillegalactivities

Responsibilityfor.Tothisend,Martinandhisfriendssuggestedtosetupanorganization,toinvestigateanimalabuseincidentsandthelawsuit

Lawsuitandarousepublicawarenessofanimalprotection.In1824,theworld'

sfirstanimalprotectionorganization:

thepreventionofcrueltytoanimals

AssociationSociety,for,the,Prevention,of,Cruelty,to,Animals,orSPCA,wasestablished!

Theorganizationquicklyattractedthesupportofmanypeopleintheupperandmiddleclassesofsociety.Itwasin1833,1835,1849

AndthefoursuccessfulrevisionoftheMartinactin1854,expandingthescopeofthebill,addingdogs,cats,chickens

Allpoultryandlivestock,suchaspigs,areforbiddentohuntanimals,cutpigsearsandsoon.

Forthefirstmorethan10years

SPCA,alsoofhundredsofanimalabuseweresuccessfullysuedouthundredsofthousandsofpropaganda,setupanimalmedicine

Hospital,AnimalAmbulanceServiceandshelterforstraycatsanddogs.In1840,becauseofthesponsorshipofthequeenofEngland,Vitoria,SPCA

Renamed"

RoyalSPCA"

or"

RSPCA"

forshort.

By1860,RSPCAhadencounteredunprecedenteddifficulties.Theproblemisawidelydebatedtopic:

Animals

Experiment。

TheanimalprotectioncommunityinBritainisdividedintotwosides.Theschoolbelievesanimalexperimentationisnecessary,butitshould

Acertainamountofsupervisionwasprovidedtoprotectthewelfareofanimals;

theotherwastotallyopposedtoanimalexperimentation.Finally,RSPCAleaderspicked

Tookamoremoderateattitude.In1876,RSPCAsuccessfullypersuadedtheBritishParliamenttoadoptthecrueltreatmentofanimals

CrueltytoAnimalsAct.Thelawdoesnotbananimalexperimentation,buttriestosuperviseandcontrolit.

However,themedicalcommunitysoonsucceededinweakeningthelawtoalmostzero.EvenRSPCAwasdeeplydisappointedwiththefinalresult

Look.Theadoptionofthelawhasagainprovidedaprecedentfortheprotectionofanimallaw,butitisalsoasignalagainstanimalprotectors

Powerfulenergyanddebatesabouttheemergenceofradicalswithintheanimalprotectionmovementandconservatives.

TheearlyanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStatesinspiredanimalprotectionintheUnitedstates.WiththeBritishexample,thenortheasternUnitedStates

Severalstateshavepassedsomesimilarlaws.ThestateofNewYorkin1828,Massachusetts,passedthelawin1835,againstcruelty

Poultryorlivestockarefinedorgivenafewdays'

imprisonment.Theselawsarestillbasedonthe"

animalashumanservice"

Butitalsoshowsthatpeoplearegraduallyacceptingtheideathatanimalsshouldbetreatedhumanely.

Continued,

Around1860,twofamouspeoplelivinginPhiladelphia,CarolineWhite,Caroline,WhiteandMorris

WangEnMorrisWalnbegannegotiatingwithfriendsinprivate,settingupRSPCAlikeorganizationsintheUnitedstates.However,1861

TheCivilWar（theAmericanCivilWar）andtheabolitionmovementledtoapostponementoftheanimalprotectiongroupintheUnitedStatesforseveralyears.Butanother

InBritain,asinBritain,theabolitionmovementindirectlystimulatedtheriseofanimalprotectionmovement.Iftheskincolorcannotbeusedas

Withoutthestandardsofinnatehumanrights,onenaturallywonderswhythespeciesissuchaninsurmountabledivide.

Theabolitionmovementnotonlystimulatedpeople'

sthinkingaboutwherethebasicrightscamefrom,butalsoforothersocialmovementslater

Itprovidesreferencefortalentandstrategyandtactics.Thosewhohadbeenactiveintheabolitionistmovementsoonjoinedalargenumberofanimalprotection

Themovementtobeoppressed,becausehumananimalservitudeisnot"

slave"

?

In1890,AnnaSeaver（Anna

Sewell（black）BlackBeauty（Note:

thisbooktellsthestoryofadarkhorselife,thisblackhorse

Youcankeepafirmandgentlehearteveninadversity,anddaretotestit.Thepublicationofthisbookhaschangedsociety

Attitudestowardsanimalsalsoencouragepeopletotakegoodcareoftheirhorses.Thebookisknownastheanimalprotectionmovement

<

uncleTom'

scabin>

.Manyanimalconservationpioneersbelievethatalthoughtheywerenotunderstoodbythepublic,theywereslaves

Theliberationoftheprisonerswillinevitablyleadtotheliberationofnon-humananimals.

Animalprotectionmovementisadoptedandtheabolitionistmovementisverysimilartothestrategy:

firstlaunchedapropagandaoffensivetoanimal（slave）

Thetragicexperiencewonthesupportofthemasses.Usethepublicsupporttopromotethelegislativeprocess.Earlyanimalprotectiongroupssentpeople

Gotoschoolsandchurchestogivespeeches,publishnewsletters,andsendoutmassflyers.Whenthetimeisripe,theybegin

Usepublicopiniontoexertpressureonpoliticalfiguresinordertoachievethepurposeoflegislation.Moreover,theleadersoftheseorganizationssoonbecameaware

Recognizingthatanationalcoalitionisessentialfornationalanimalprotectionlegislationisessential.Butitissimilartotheabolitionmovement

Oncetheanimalprotectionmovementbegantotakepartinpolitics,itimmediatelyledtodifferencesbetweentheinsideradicalsandtheconservatives.Becauseoftherootdepth

Thereisalsotheoppositionoftraditionalthinking,andtheimprovednatureofanimalprotectionlegislationoftenhastobedonetorivals

Makeabigconcession.Althoughtheselawshaveaveryimportanteducationalsignificance,thepracticaleffecttheycanachieveisoftenlessthanthatofhumanbeings

Italy.Adoptmoderateimprovementorradicalrevolution?

Thisisaproblemthateveryliberationmovementwillface.Untilnow

God,it'

sstillatopicofdebateintheanimalprotectionmovement.

Theearlyanimalprotectionmovement,liketheabolitionmovement,sufferednotonlyfromridiculeandridicule,butalsotofaceit

Adirectthreatofforce;

paidforthecostofbleeding.Peoplewhointervenedincrueltytoanimalswerebeatenandabused

.Animaladvocatesfollowtheexampleoftheabolitionistmovementandbelievethattheirbeliefswillbeunderstoodbymostpeopleoneday.Darwin

Theriseoftheconceptof"

originofspecies"

and"

retu