英美概况教案Word文档下载推荐.docx

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第三章政治制度和政府构成

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4

第四章补充材料

2

5

第五章美国社会全景

6

第六章历史

7

第七章政府机构和社会生活

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第八章补充材料

任课教师：

施海霞任课班级：

英语051

TeachingObjectives:

ThiscourseismainlytomakeknowntothestudentstheBritishpolitics,cultureaswellassocietyatlarge,anditspositionintheworldasfarasitslonghistoryisconcerned.

（ItmightbedifficultforthestudentstounderstandtheBritishpoliticalsystem,itspeopleanditsculturaldifferencesbecauseofreligiousreasons.Thus,someemphasisshouldbelaidonitsreligiousbackground.）

TimeAllocation:

4periods

FocalPoints:

TheCountryoftoday,UnderstandingofDifferentNames

I.GeneralIntroduction

GreatBritain,thedominantindustrialandmaritimepowerofthe19thcentury,playedaleadingroleindevelopingparliamentarydemocracyandinadvancingliteratureandscience.Atitszenith（极盛时期）,theBritishEmpirestretchedoverone-fourthoftheearth'

ssurface.Thefirsthalfofthe20thcenturysawtheUK'

sstrengthseriouslydepletedintwoWorldWars.Thesecondhalfwitnessedthedismantling（瓦解）oftheEmpireandtheUKrebuildingitselfintoamodernandprosperousEuropeannation.

AsoneoffivepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil（China,France,RussianFederation,UnitedKingdomandUnitedStates）,afoundingmemberofNATO（NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization）,andoftheCommonwealth,theUKpursuesaglobalapproachtoforeignpolicy;

itcurrentlyisweighingthedegreeofitsintegrationwithcontinentalEurope.AmemberoftheEU（EuropeanUnion）,itchosetoremainoutsidetheEconomicandMonetaryUnionforthetimebeing.ConstitutionalreformisalsoasignificantissueintheUK.TheScottishParliament,theNationalAssemblyforWales,andtheNorthernIrelandAssemblywereestablishedin1999,butthelatterissuspendedduetobickering（argue）overthepeaceprocess.

Government

UnitedKingdom

Officialname:

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

Formofgovernment:

Constitutionalmonarchy

Legislature:

Bicamerallegislaturewithtwolegislativehouses

1.HouseofLords[675members（consistingofapproximately500lifepeers,92hereditarypeersand26clergy）;

2.HouseofCommons（646seatssince2005elections;

membersareelectedbypopularvotetoservefive-yeartermsunlesstheHouseisdissolvedearlier）

Note:

1）Elections:

HouseofLords-noelections;

HouseofCommons-lastheld5May2005（nexttobeheldbyMay2010）

2）Electionresults:

HouseofCommons-percentofvotebyparty-Labor35.2%,Conservative32.3%,LiberalDemocrats22%,other10.5%;

seatsbyparty-Labor356,Conservative197,LiberalDemocrat62,other31

Capital:

London,England.

Nationalholiday:

theUKdoesnotcelebrateoneparticularnationalholiday

Constitution:

unwritten;

partlystatutes,partlycommonlawandpractice

Chiefofstate:

Sovereign（君主）.

PresentQueen:

ElizabethII（sinceFebruary1952）;

Headofgovernment:

PrimeMinister.

PresentPrimeMinister:

Anthony（Tony）Blair（since2May1997）（LaborParty）

Cabinet:

CabinetofMinistersappointedbytheprimeminister;

NationalAnthem:

GodSavetheKing（Queen）

GodSavetheQueen

GodsaveourgraciousQueen,

LongliveournobleQueen,

GodsavetheQueen!

Sendhervictorious,

Happyandglorious,

Longtoreignoverus,

OlordGodarise,

Scatterourenemies,

Andmakethemfall!

Confoundtheirknavishtricks,

Confusetheirpolitics,

Onyouourhopeswefix,

Notinthislandalone,

ButbeGod'

smerciesknown,

Fromshoretoshore!

Lordmakethenationssee,

Thatmenshouldbrothersbe,

Andformonefamily,

Thewideworldov'

er

Fromeverylatentfoe,

Fromtheassasinsblow,

O'

erherthinearmextend,

ForBritain'

ssakedefend,

Ourmother,prince,andfriend,

Thychoicestgiftsinstore,

Onherbepleasedtopour,

Longmayshereign!

Mayshedefendourlaws,

Andevergiveuscause,

Tosingwithheartandvoice,

---Whatis“Commonwealth”?

CommonwealthofNations, 

worldwide 

associationofnationsandtheirdependencies,whosemembersshareacommoncommitmenttopromotinghumanrights,democracy,andeconomicdevelopment.AllmembersaccepttheBritishmonarchasthesymbolicheadoftheCommonwealth.Allbutone,Mozambique,wereonceassociatedinsomeconstitutionalwaywitheithertheformerBritishEmpireorwithanothermembercountry.TheassociationwasformerlyknownastheBritishCommonwealthofNations,buttodayisreferredtosimplyastheCommonwealth.

About 

1.7 

billion 

peopleliveinthe54independentnationsandthemorethan20dependenciesthatmakeuptheCommonwealth.Onlyindependentnationscanbeconsideredfullmembers;

theyareallfullysovereignandinnowaysubordinatetoBritain.DependenciesofCommonwealthnationsarealsoincludedintheCommonwealth,althoughnotasfullmembers,andcanparticipateinmanyCommonwealthactivities.CommonwealthmemberssharemanycustomsandtraditionsasaresultoftheirassociationwithBritain.ManyhaveparliamentarysystemsofgovernmentontheBritishmodel,andtheirjudicialandeducationalinstitutionsareoftensimilartothoseinBritain.EnglishisanofficiallanguageofmanymembersoftheCommonwealth.Since1977thesecondMondayinMarchhasbeencelebratedasCommonwealthDay;

onthatdaytheBritishmonarch,astheheadoftheCommonwealth,presentsanannualmessagetoallmembercountries.

Almost 

all 

members 

oftheCommonwealthwereonceruledbyBritainaspartoftheBritishEmpire.Someofthem,suchasAustraliaandCanada,werelargelysettledbyBritishpeople.Others,suchasIndiaandNigeria,wereareaswhereBritishadministratorsgovernedalargenon-Britishpopulation.

The 

Commonwealth 

is 

aflexibleandofteninformalassociation.Itsmainfunctionistoencouragecommunicationandcooperationamongitsdiversemembers,withtheirdifferentneedsandconcerns.In1965theCommonwealthSecretariatwasestablishedinLondontoserveasaclearinghousefortheexchangeofinformation.TheSecretariat（秘书处）isheadedbytheCommonwealthsecretarygeneralandisresponsibleforcarryingoutprogramsformulatedduringthevariousmeetings.ThesecretarygeneraliselectedbytheCommonwealthheadsofgovernmentfromamongthemanyCommonwealthdiplomatsandministers.TheCommonwealthFoundationprovidesfinancialandothersupporttoprofessionalassociationsandnon-governmentorganizations,enablingthesegroupstotraveltootherCommonwealthcountriestoworktogether.

heads 

of 

CommonwealthgovernmentsmeettodiscusscommonproblemseverytwoyearsatCommonwealthHeadsofGovernmentMeetings（CHOGM）.Inaddition,ministersandexpertsineducation,health,finance,science,law,women’sissues,youthaffairs,andvarioustechnicalfieldsmeetfrequentlytoconsultandactonimportantissues.

VolumeITheGreatBritain

ChapterOneLandandPeople

Section1:

TheBritishIslesandGreatBritain

1.BriefhistoryofBritishpeopleandlanguage

BritainwaspartoftheEuropeanContinentmanycenturiesago.Itwaslaterwashedoffbyseawaterandbecameanisland.

i.TheStonehengeleftbytheIberiansisthepossibleoriginofEnglishhistory.TheIberians

werethefirstinvaderswhoweredark-haired“Mediterranean”race.（3,500yearsagowithoutanywrittenrecord）

ii.TheCelts,alsocalledtheBritonswhoweresaidtohavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope（France,BelgiumandSouthernGermany）,wereregardedasthenativesofGreatBritain.TheforefathersoftheCeltsimmigratedintoBritaininabout7thcenturyB.C.

iii.TheRomansledbyJuliusCaesarwentacrosstheChannelandinvadedBritainin55B.C.butinvein.TheRomansconqueredtheCeltsinEnglandinthefirstcenturyA.D.andcontrolledforabout400years.TheRomancivilizationwasbroughttoBritain:

language,town,temples,theatresandfinebuildings.

iv.GermanictribesfromNorthEurope:

Angles,Saxons,Jutesinvadedit410A.D.TheAnglesgavetheirnametoEngland（Angle’sland）andtheEnglishpeople.

v.Fewhundredyearslater,theDanesfromtheNorth–EastofEuropefoughtagainstoneoftheearliestandgreatestofEnglishkings,Alfred,about900A.D.In1016theDanishleaderwasputonthethroneandbegantoruleEngland.EdwardtheConfessor,theDanishkingwasapiousChristianbuiltthefamousWestminsterAbbeywherehewasburied.ItiswellknownforitsPoet’sCorner,whichisacemeteryfordistinguishedEnglishpoets.AllthecoronationceremonieseversincetheNormanConquesthavebeenheldintheAbbey.

vi.FinallytherecamethegreatNormaninvasion.Normans（“North-men”）wereoriginallyfromScandinavia.LedbyWilliam（“WilliamtheConqueror”,“DukeWilliamofNormandy”）,theNormansfromFranceconqueredEnglandin1066.

OriginsoftheBritishPeople:

tableofinvasions

Inchronologicalorder

InvadersContribution

Iberians?

Celts（Gaels,Britons）ScottishandIrishraceandculture,Welshraceandculture

RomansLatinalphabetandcivilization

Germanictribes

（Angles,Saxons,Jutes）Englishraceandlanguage

DanessomepeculiaritiesofdialectinnorthandeastEngland

Normans（French-Speaking）FinalunificationofEngland.Greatadministrativeprogress.

EnglishcivilizationpermanentlylinkedtoFranceratherthantoScandinavia.Foundationofaristocracy.

Language:

Indo-Europeanlanguage（byNeolithicpeoplewanderinginAsiaandEurope）

↓

NorthEurope→Germaniclanguage（manytribes）&

Ot