上外杯高中英语竞赛初赛试题Word格式.docx

上外杯高中英语竞赛初赛试题Word格式.docx

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I.GrammarandVocabulary（20分）

Directions:

Completethefollowingpassagesbyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

（A）

A.arrestingB.conceiveC.conservativelyD.excessE.framedF.home-grown

G.indefinitelyH.projectedI.resemblingJ.sizableK.urgency

AhummingbirdflewintoNewYork’sTimesSquareFridayviathegiantscreen,andhasbeenhoveringandflittinghighovertheheadsoftouristsandworkerseversince.The___1___imagewasintendedtoturnattentiontohumanity’sshakyplaceinnature.Theonscreenmessage:

“EarthOvershootDayisAugust1…BecauseWeHaveOnlyOneEarth…#MoveTheDate.”

CreatedbytheGlobalFootprintNetworkenvironmentalnonprofit,EarthOvershootDayestimatesthepointintheyearwhenhumanityhasconsumedmorenaturalresourcesandcreatedmorewastethanEarthcanreplaceorsafelyabsorbinayear.TheAug.1date___2___thisyearisearlierthananytimeinthedozenyearsthecalculationhasbeenmadeandawarning,especially,oftheheightenedchallengefromtheaccumulationofgreenhousegases.

TheEarthOvershootconceptisdesignedtobring___3___toclimateissuesthatcanseemdistantintimeandplace.Itaimstokeepcitizensanddecision-makersintouchwithspiralingcarbondioxidelevels,particularlyAmericanswhodon’tliveincoastalfloodzonesorinthepathofmorefrequentand___4__hurricanes.

TheAug.1datedeclaredthisyearmeansthat,forthefinalfivemonthsoftheyear,mankindisoverdrawingnaturalresources.Itwould,___5__anotherway,take1.7Earthstosupplytheresourcesneededtofeed,clotheandsustainEarth’s7.6billionpeopleforayear.

GlobalFootprintNetworkalsocalculatesthebiocapacityandecologicalfootprintatthenationallevel,offeringalookathowmucheachcountryislivingbeyondits___6__resources.Itshows,forexample,thattheUnitedStateshasabiocapacityof3.6hectaresperpersonbutthattheaverageconsumptionis8.4hectaresperperson,meaningthatAmericansarerunninga4.8hectareper-capitadeficit.Stretchedacrossapopulationof317million,thatcountryusesallofitsnativeresourcesbyMarch15,theformulationsuggests.Tocontinueconsumingatcurrentlevels___7__,theU.S.wouldneedtheresourcesoffiveEarths.

That’sinsharpcontrasttonationsthathavelittleindustryandrelativelyfewcarsandtrucksandoftenimmenseforests,pumpingoxygenbackintothebiosphere.SoSurinameinthenorthernendofSouthAmerica,hasabiocapacityof97hetacresperperson,buteachofits496,000inhabitantsonlyuses2.7hectares,onaverage,annually.Sothetinynationproducesalarge94.6hectaresof"

reserve."

Becausetheconstructisonlytheoretical,though,Surinamecan’tescapethe___8__carbondioxidemostothercountriespumpintotheatmosphere.Anditexportssurplusesofwoodandcommoditiesthatothercountriescan’tproduceontheirown.

AndrewSimms,aprogressiveBritishpoliticaleconomistwhohelped___9__theidea,saiditisimportanttoshowhowcultureslivebeyondtheirownresources.“Thewealthiestcountries,inparticular,dependonamuchlargerlandbasethantheyhavethemselvestoenjoythemateriallifestylestheyareaccustomedto,"

Simmssaid.Wackernagelsaidhisgroupusesthestatistics___10__andthattheovershootdateunderestimateshumanity’simpactontheplanet.

（B）

A.memorableB.bondC.struggleD.sellE.intervalsF.turns

G.substantialH.delegateI.survivalJ.wearsK.edge

Soyou’vebeenelectedpresidentofyourstudentsociety–congratulations.Butwhatnext?

Thefirstthingyouneedisbackup.Youdon’twanttotakealltheworkonyourself,someetwithyourcommitteeandkeepthisgoingthroughouttheyear.Noneedtosacrificeyourdegree;

___11__theworktoyourteam.Thatis,it’sbesttoavoidbecomingaminidictator.Unlessyouwantamutinyonyourhands,it’sagoodideatolistentoyourcommittee’sviews.Setupagroupchatwherememberscanpipeupanddiscusssocietymatters.

Justlikeasuccessfulcountryneedscitizens,asocietywon’tlastlongwithoutmembers.Freepizzaandthepromiseofahangoveratregular___12__throughouttheyearareatried-and-testedwaytogetpeopletosignupandshowup.GemmaPaine,formerpresidentofthepolefitnesssocietyattheUniversityofSussex,investedalotofmoneyintomakingsocials___13__–fromairhockeytoaHalloweenpubcrawl.Shealsosuggestscreatingbrandedkitorclothing.Seeingyourmemberswearingthesociety’shoodieorT-shirtaroundthecampusisnotonlygoodpublicity,itcancreateasenseofunityandbelonging.

However,alargemembershipaloneisnotenoughtoensureyoursociety’slong-term___14__.“It’sgreattohavepeoplesignedupandhavethempaythemembershipfee,becausethat’swhereyougetyourmoneyfrom,”Painesays.“Butattheendofthedayif,byApril,youonlyhave10membersturninguptothings,thenyou’renotrunningthesocietytherightway.”

Retentioncanbeoneofthebiggestchallengesofrunningasociety.Unlikesportssuchasrugbyorfootball,whichstudentsarealreadyfamiliarwith,themorenicheclubslikepolefitness___15__tobetakenseriously.Thesportisdifficulttolearnatfirst,sooncetheinitialnovelty___16__off,alotofnewmembersgiveup.

Youneedtodoahard___17__ofwhatevermemberbenefitsyoursocietydoesoffer.Tellthemexactlywhatthey’regettingfortheirmoney.Aswellasofferingalowannualmembershipfeethatincludesthecostoftheclasses,Painemadesuretherewasaclearstructuretothesessions.Shesaysbeforeshebecamepresident,memberslearnedapartytrickortwobutnothingmore___18__.Nowtheinstructorteachestheskillsandmovesneededtoperfectawholepoleroutine,withmembersworkingtowardsaclearergoal.

Ifyouwantmemberstostickaround,makethemfeelliketheyarepartofsomethingmorethanjustafundistraction.That’swhyTanitaLewis’sstreetdancesocietyatLeedsUniversityhasacompetitive___19__whenitentersandwinstournaments.“Peoplewantsomeformofrecognition,somethingexternaltoconfirmthatithasbeenworththehardwork.It’sdefinitelyacaseofgettingarewardforeveryone,”shesays.“Thewholeexperienceofrehearsalsandthecompetition___20__people.That’swhatkeepsthemgoing.”

II.Cloze（30分）

ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Toprocrastinateornot:

theanswermaybedowntodifferencesinhowourbrainsarewired,astudysuggests.

It___21__twoareasofthebrainthatdeterminewhetherwearemorelikelytogetonwithataskorcontinuallyputitoff.Researchersusedasurveyandscansof264people’sbrainsto___22__measurehowproactivetheywere.Expertssaythestudy,inPsychologicalScience,underlinesprocrastinationismoreabout___23__emotionsthantime.

Bigclue

Itfoundthattheamygdala–analmond-shapedstructureinthetemporal（side）lobewhichprocessesouremotionsandcontrolsour___24__–waslargerinprocrastinators.Intheseindividuals,therewerealso___25__connectionsbetweentheamygdalaandapartofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatecortex（DACC）.

TheDACCusesinformationfromtheamygdalaanddecideswhatactionthebodywilltake.Ithelpskeepthepersonontrackby___26__competingemotionsanddistractions.“Individualswithalargeramygdalamaybemore___27__aboutthenegativeconsequencesofanaction–theytendtohesitateandputoffthings,”saysErhanGenç

oneofthestudyauthors,basedatRuhrUniversityBochum.

Theresearcherssuggestthatprocrastinatorsarelessabletofilterout___28__emotionsanddistractionsbecausetheconnectionsbetweentheamygdalaandtheDACCintheirbrainsarenotasgoodasin___29__individuals.

Mindfulnesscontrol

ProfTimPychyl,fromCarletonUniversity,Ottawa,whohasbeenstudyingprocrastinationforthepastfewdecades,says,“Thisstudyprovides___30__evidenceoftheproblemprocrastinatorshavewithemotionalcontrol.Itshowshowtheemotionalcentersofthebraincan___31__aperson’sabilityforself-regulation.”

DrPychylisoptimisticaboutthepotentialforchange.Hesaid:

“Researchhasalreadyshownthatmindfulnessmeditationisrelatedtoamygdala___32__,expansionofthepre-frontalcortexandaweakeningoftheconnectionbetweenthesetwoareas.”Hesaidthisshowedthatchangingthebrainwaspossible.

DrCarolineSchluter,theleadauthorofthestudy,said:

“Thebrainisvery___33__andcanchangethroughoutthelifespan.”

ProductivityexpertMoyraScottthinksweneedtotake___34__intoaccountwhenmotivatingourselves.“Weneedtorecognisewhenweareprocrastinatingandhave’___35__’wecanemploytogetusdoingsomething,”shesaid.

21.A.conductedB.diagnosedC.identifiedD.targeted

22.A.interpretB.measureC.regulateD.comprehend

23.A.managingB.assessingC.distinguishingD.balancing

24.A.activitiesB.speedsC.movementsD.motivations

25.A.poorerB.clearerC.closerD.faster

26.A.stirringupB.turninginC.blockingoutD.joiningup

27.A.curiousB.anxiousC.enthusiasticD.reluctant

28.A.challengingB.appealingC.interferingD.encouraging

29.A.consciousB.proactiveC.desperateD.optimistic

30.A.physiologicalB.behavioralC.arguableD.rational

31.A.overlookB.overwhelmC.overstateD.overlap

32.A.shrinkageB.stretchC.distributionD.dominance

33.A.