美国文学-名词解释.doc

美国文学-名词解释.doc

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美国文学

1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学

PhilipFreneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）

（1）Hewasconsideredasthe“PoetoftheAmericanrevolution”asthemostoutstandingpoetinAmericaofthe18thcentury.

（2）Hewasasatirist,abitterpolemicist.（3）HewrotemanypoemsencouragingrevolutionandencouragingtheglorythatwouldbewonbyovercomingtheBritish.

TheWildHoneySuckle《野金银花》

TheIndianBuryingGround《印第安人的殡葬地》

TheBritishShip《英国囚船》

TheRisingGloryofAmerica《美洲光辉的兴起》

（1）TheWildHoneySuckleisFreneau’sbestlyric

（2）Itanticipatedthe19th—centuryuseofsimplenatureimagery.

TheIndianBuryingGroundanticipatedromanticprimitivismandthecelebrationofthe“NobleSavage”.

ThomasJefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊）

TheDeclarationofIndependence《独立宣言》

（1）TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedJuly4,1776.

（2）Itnotonlyannouncedthebirthofanewnation,butalsoexpoundedaphilosophyofhumanfreedom.（3）Itlists13crueltiescommittedbytheKingofBritain.（4）Thefamouslinesare:

“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.”（5）ThomasJefferson’sthoughtwasinspiredbythethoughtsofJohnLocke.

2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学

Calvinism（加尔文主义）

（1）CalvinismreferstothereligiousteachingsofJohnCalvinandhisfollowers.

（2）Calvintaughtthatonlycertainpersons,theelect,werechosenbyGodtobesaved,andthesecouldbesavedonlybyGod’sgrace.（3）CalvinismformsthebasisforthedoctrinesandpracticesoftheHuguenots,Puritans,Presbyterians,andtheReformedchurches.

AmericanRomanticism（美国浪漫主义）

（1）AmericanRomanticismisoneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.

（2）Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theyemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andcherishedstronginterestinthepast,thewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrange.Theystressedtheelement“Americanness”intheirworks.（3）ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWaltWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.（4）BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,itisalsocalled“theAmericanRenaissance.”（5）AmericanRomanticistsincludesuchliteraryfiguresasWashingtonIrving,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongfellow,NathanielHawthorne,EdgarAllanPoe,HermanMelville,WaltWhitmanandsomeothers.

Transcendentalism（超验主义）

（1）TranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOver—soul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self—reliant.

（2）NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.

Freeverse（自由体诗歌）

（1）Freeversemeanstherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutpayingattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.

（2）FreeversewasoriginatedbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.（3）Theirpurposewastofreethemselvesfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecreateinsteadthefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.（4）WaltWhitman’sLeavesofGrassis,perhaps,themostnotableexample.

Symbol（象征）

（1）Symbolmeansanact,aperson,athing,oraspectaclethatstandsforsomethingelse,usuallysomethinglesspalpablethanthenamedsymbol.

（2）Therelationshipbetweenthesymbolanditsreferentisnotoftenoneofsimpleequivalence.Allegoricalsymbolsusuallyexpressaneaterequivalencewithwhattheystandforthanthesymbolsfoundinmodernrealisticfiction.

Theme（主题）

（1）Thememeanstheunifyingpointorgeneralideaofaliterarywork.

（2）Itprovidesananswertosuchquestionsas“Whatistheworkabout?

”（3）Eachliteraryworkcarriesitsownthemeorthemes.Forexample,KingLearhasmanythemes,amongwhichareblindnessandmadness.

3.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学

AmericanNaturalism（美国自然主义）

（1）TheAmericanNaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.

（2）AmericanNaturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohuman