胡壮麟语言学名词解释Word下载.docx

胡壮麟语言学名词解释Word下载.docx

《胡壮麟语言学名词解释Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《胡壮麟语言学名词解释Word下载.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

（2）productivity生成性:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

（3）duality双重性：

languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels.

（4）displacement移位性：

languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

（5）culturaltransmission文化的传播:

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.

第二章phonology音系学

phonology:

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;

itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

Phonetics语音学:

isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介.

Thesethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledarticulatoryphonetics发声语音学,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学,andacousticphonetics声响语音学respectively.

辅音分类见本子

Phone音素：

isaphonetic语音的unitorsegment.

Phoneme音位：

isaphonologicalunit;

itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

Allophones音位变体：

referstothedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Forexample[l]and[l]

Phonemiccontrast音位对立：

phoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

Complementarydistribution互补分布：

iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.

Minimalpair最小对：

whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexamples,pillandbillareaminimalpair.

第三章morphology形态学

Morphology:

referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Morphemes词素—theminimalunitsofmeaning.Themostbasicelementofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.

Derivationalmorphemes派生词素（donotchangegrammaticalclass）：

averb,forexampleisformedbyadding–entotheadjectiveblack,--blacken.–en,-ate,-icarethuscalledderivationalmorphemes,becausewhentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes（orwords）anewwordisderived,orformed.

Inflectionalmorphemes屈折词素：

theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.

第四章syntax句法学

Syntacticcategories句法范畴：

afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.

Modifiers修饰语：

stillanotherkindofelementwehavenottoucheduponsofarismodifiers,whichspecifyoptionally选择expressiblepropertiesofheads.

第五章semantics语义学

Contextualism语境论:

theyholdthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:

thesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.

Behaviorism行为主义：

definesasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

Sense意义：

isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractandde-contextualized.

Reference所指：

meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

Predication述谓结构：

inG.Leech’sframeworkofanalysis,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Apredicationconsistsofargument变元andpredicate谓语.

第六章pragmatics语用学

Pragmatics:

canbedefinedthatitisthestudyofhowspeakerofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

Context语境：

isgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.（variouscomponentsofsharedknowledgehavebeenidentified,e.g.knowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,knowledgeofwhathasbeensaidbefore,knowledgeabouttheworldingeneral,knowledgeaboutthespecificsituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace,andknowledgeabouteachother.）

Constatives叙事话语：

werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable;

Performatives行事话语：

theideaofdoingsomethingwhilespeakingcancertainlybebroadenedtoincludenon-conventionalactssuchasstating,promising,requesting,andsuggesting.

locutionaryact言内行为：

istheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon,andphonology.（theactbythespeakerishisutteranceofallthewords“you”,“have”,“door”,“open”,etc.thusexpressingwhatthewordsliterallymean.）

illocutionaryact言外行为：

istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;

itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.（theactperformedbythespeakeristhatbymakingsuchanutterancehehasexpressedhisintentionofspeaking,i.e.askingsomeonetoclosethedoor,orclosethedoor,ormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.）

Perlocutionaryact言后行为：

istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;

itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts:

1.representatives阐述类:

satingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.

2.directives指令类：

tryingtogetthehearertodosomething.

3.commissives承诺类：

committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.

4.expressives表达类：

expressingfeelingorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.

5.declarations宣告类：

bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.

CooperativePrinciple（CP）合作原则：

Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.

1.themaximofquantity数量准则。

2.themaximofquality质量准则。

3.themaximofrelation相关准则。

4.themaximofmanner方式准则。

第八章languageandsociety语言和社会

Speechcommunity语言社区：

thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalledspeechcommunity.

Speechvariety言词变化：

（orlanguagevariety）,referstoanydistinguishable可区分的formofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.

Varietiesoflanguage语言变体：

thevarietiesofalanguagearetheactualmanifestationsofthegeneralnotionofalanguagearetheactualmanifestationsofthegeneralnotionofthelanguageandtheyareassumedtoberelatedbothtothelanguageuserandusetowhichthelanguageisput.

第九章languageandculture语言和文化

SWH（Sapir-WhorfHypothesis）萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说：

Hebelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperception观念andthewaytheycategorize分类experiences.

Acculturation文化互渗：

weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.

第十章languageacquisition语言习得

Languageacquisition:

referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.

LAD（LanguageAcquisitionDevice）语言习得装置：

ChildrenneedaccesstothesamplesofanaturallanguagetoactivatetheLAD,whichenablesthemtodiscoverhislanguage’sstructurebymatchingtheinnateknowledgeofbasicgrammaticalsystemtothatparticularlanguage.

UG（UniversalGrammar）普遍语法isasetofprinciplesthatprovideparameters参数whicharegivenparticularsettingsindifferentlanguages.

CriticalPeriodHypotheses（CPH）关键时期假设：

referstoaspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.

第十一章secondlanguageacquisition第二语言习得

Secondlanguageacquisition（SLA）:

referstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.

Positivetransfer正迁移：

wouldfacilitate使容易targetlanguagelearning,andresultsincorrectperformance.

Negativetransfer负迁移：

wouldinterfere干扰targetlanguagelearning,andresultsinerrors.

补充

predicate谓语:

Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence

cognates同源词:

awordinonelanguagewhichissimilarinformandmeaningtoawordinanotherlanguagebecausebothlanguageshavedescendedfromacommonsource

creole克里奥尔语:

Acreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.Whenapidgincomestobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguage,andchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,thenthepidginlanguageiscalledacreole.

overtthought线性思想:

Atermusedtorefertospeechwhenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardspeechas“overtthought.”

instrumentalmotivation