专题 高考真题阅读理解之科普类说明文教师版Word格式.docx
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63.Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?
A.Decidingonapropersleepposition
B.Choosingacomfortablesleepingbag
C.Seekingawaytofallasleepquickly
D.Findingarighttimetogotosleep.
64.Theastronautswillsufferfromacarbon-dioxideheadachewhen_____.
A.theycirclearoundontheirbikes
B.theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastop
C.theyexerciseinoneplaceforalongtime
D.theywatchamoviewhilepedaling
65.Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause_____.
A.theirsensesstopworking
B.theyhavetostandupstraight
C.theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedly
D.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation
66.OneoftheNASA’smajorconcernsaboutastronautsis_____.
A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestation
B.howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspace
C.whethertheycanrecoverafterreturninghome
2.【北京卷】C
LifeintheClear
Transparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey’reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”
Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee-through?
It’strickierthanyoumightthink.
Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.
Butatransparentobjectdoesn’tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch,Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn’tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon’tseeit----youseethethingsbehindit.
Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments(色素)thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn’thavepigments,soitstissueswon’tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.
Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials----skin,fat,andmore----andlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobesee—through.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnon-livingjelly-lie(果冻状的)materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.
Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey’redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclearfortheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanon-transparentmilkywhite.
63.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals_______.
A.stayingroupsB.canbeeasilydamaged
C.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures
64.Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means__________.
A.silentlyB.gradually
C.regularlyD.completely
65.Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentisto________.
A.changethedirectionoflighttravel
B.gathermaterialstoscatterlight.
C.avoidtheabsorptionoflight
D.growbiggertostoplight.
66.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals________.
A.movemoreslowlyindeepwater
B.staysee-throughevenafterdeath
C.producemoretissuesfortheirsurvival
D.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading
3.【江苏】B
IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.
Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinSo-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.
Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.
Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包装)itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.
TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease.”Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.
Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(动机)forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?
Governments’incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap(气泡垫)thatencasedyourtelevision?
Fromthegovernments’pointofview,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.
58.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendstotellusthat_________.
A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmall
B.E-wastedeservestobemadegooduseof
C.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetals
D.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste
59.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended_________.
A.fromproducerstogovernments
B.fromgovernmentstoproducers
C.fromindividualstodistributors
D.fromdistributorstogovernments
60.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?
A.Theincreaseine-waste.
B.Thecreationofe-waste.
C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.
D.Themanagementofe-waste.
4.C
Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.
Let’sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandthei