语言学概论 总结Word格式.docx

语言学概论 总结Word格式.docx

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3）Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“highwayclosed”onahighwayserves_____.（2010）

A.anexpressivefunction表达功能

B.aninformativefunction信息功能

C.aperformativefunction行事/施为功能

D.apersuasivefunction劝说功能

语言的基本功能。

信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。

其中最重要的是信息功能。

4）Thefunctionofthesentence"

Aniceday,isn'

tit?

"

is___.

A.informativeB.phatic寒暄功能

C.directive指示功能D.performative

1.2.1Whatislanguage?

P7-8

Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

1）Languageisasystem.

Systematic----rule-governed受规则制约的,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules；

can’tbecombinedatwill.E.g.*bkli，*Iappleeat.

2）Languageisarbitrary.

Arbitrary----nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes表示.E.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.

3）Languageissymbolic符号的innature.

Symbolic----wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention惯例.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”----byShakespeare

4）Languageisprimarilyvocal.

Vocal----theprimarymedium基本媒介issoundforalllanguages;

writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.

5）Languageishuman-specific.语言是人类特有的

Human-specific----differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess.E.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.

1.2.2Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage（CharlesHockett）:

P8-10

1）Arbitrariness任意性

2）Productivity/Creativity创造性

3）Duality二重性

4）Displacement移位性

5）Culturaltransmission文化传递性

1）Arbitrariness

◎----Nological（motivated有积极性的orintrinsic固有的）connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.

◎Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy…

⏹Apes[eɪp]gibber['

dʒɪbə].猴子唧唧叫

⏹Roosterscrow.公鸡喔喔叫

⏹Henscluck.母鸡咯咯嗒

⏹Chickspeep.小鸡唧唧唧

⏹Bullsbellow.Cowsmoo.老牛哞哞哞

⏹Ducksquack[kwæ

k].鸭子嘎嘎嘎

⏹Catsmew.小猫喵喵叫

⏹Frogscroak.青蛙呱呱呱

⏹Goatsbleat.小羊咩咩咩

⏹Pigsgrunt.小猪呼噜噜

⏹Micesqueak[skwik].老鼠吱吱叫

⏹Dogsbark.小狗汪汪叫

◎Animalsmakemuchthesamesoundsaroundtheworld,buteachlanguageexpressesthemdifferently.EnglishandChinesecowssoundthesame,butnotinEnglishandChinese!

◎Thearbitrarylinkbetweenalinguisticsign语言符号anditsmeaning,however,isalsoconventional符合习俗的.

2）Productivity/Creativity

◎----Peculiarto是…特有的humanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

◎Languageisresourceful资源丰富的becauseofitsduality二元性anditsrecursiveness[ri'

kə:

sivnis]递归性.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.

◎Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantly立即地understoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacross讲得清楚明白thatusagebefore.

◎Therecursivenature递归性oflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences.Forinstance:

①Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho...②Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt麦芽thatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.

3）Duality（doublearticulation）

Lowerlevel----sounds（meaningless）

Higherlevel----meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）

二层性是指拥有两层结构这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。

（Lyons,1981）

E.g.b-o-o-k（meaninglesssegments:

lowerlevel,secondary）→Book（meaningfulunit:

higherlevel,primary）Questions:

①Canyouthinkofsomeothersystemswiththepropertyofduality?

②Whyisthispropertygenerallyassumedascentraltolanguage?

③Doesanimallanguagehavethisproperty?

●Hierarchy等级制度oflanguage:

Thesecondarylevelsounds

（meaningless）syllables

↓↓

Theprimarylevelmorphemes

（meaningful）words

phrases

sentences（etc.）

4）Displacement

----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）:

realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-away遥远的places.

E.g.Agibbon长臂猿neverutters发出acallaboutsomethingheatelastyear.

◎Animalcommunicationisnormallyunder“immediatestimuluscontrol”（直接刺激控制）.Forinstance,awarningcryofabirdinstantlyannouncesdanger.

◎Humanlanguageisstimulus-free.Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulus刺激intheworldoranyinternalstate.

5）Culturaltransmission

◎----Languageisculturallytransmitted（throughteachingandlearning;

ratherthanbyinstinct）.

◎Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.

◎Thestoryofawolfchild狼孩,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.

1.2.3Functionsoflanguage:

P10-12

1）referential[,refə'

renʃ（ə）l]（toconveymessageandinformation）（所指功能，即传达信息）

2）poetic[pəʊ'

etɪk]（toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake）（诗学功能，即享受语言自身的乐趣）

3）emotive（toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions）（情感功能，即表达态度，感觉和情感）

4）conative['

kəunətiv]（topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests）（意动功能，即通过指令和恳求说服和影响他人）

5）phatic['

fæ

tɪk]（toestablishcommunionwithothers）（寒暄功能，即与他人建立交际）

6）metalingual[,metə'

liŋɡwəl]（toclearupintentionsandmeanings）.（元语言功能，弄清意图、词语和意义）

注：

1）emotive（expressive）function:

releasesfeelings.Swearwords骂人话,obscenities猥亵,exclamation惊叹词,involuntaryverbal言语的reactions.

2）phaticfunction:

Goodmorning.Howareyou?

●Halliday哈利迪

Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctions元功能思想oflanguage.

◎Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves（e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant敬上）indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.

1.1WhatisLinguistics语言学?

P1

◎Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage

◎Aimsoflinguistictheory:

Whatisknowledgeoflanguage?

（Competence）

Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?

（Acquisition）

Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?

（Performance/languageprocessing性能/语言处理）

1.1.2MainbranchesoflinguisticsP2-3

⏹Phonetics发音/语音学

⏹Phonology音系/音韵学

⏹Morphology形态学

■Syntax句法

⏹Semantics语义学

⏹Pragmatics语用学

●Thescopeoflinguistics

1.1.3ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsP3-6

⏹Descriptivevs.prescriptive

⏹Synchronicvs.diachronic

⏹Speechvs.writing

⏹Langue&

parole

⏹Competenceandperformance

1）Descriptivevs.prescriptive

◎Don'

tsayX.Peopledon'

tsayX.

Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.

◎Thedistinctionliesin在于prescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.

◎Descritptive:

thelinguiststriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalargecommunityactuallyconform遵照anddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrulesornormsofcorrectness.

◎Prescriptive：

thegrammarians文法家triestolaydown制定rulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsetthedisputesover就…进行辩论usageonceandforall彻底地.（right/wrong）

◎Humorousgrammarrules：

⊕Neverendasentencewithapreposition.

⊕Anddon'

tstartasentencewithaconjunction.

⊕Itiswrongtoeversplit分离aninfinitive不定式.

⊕Nosentencefragments.

2）Synchronicvs.diachronic

◎Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

◎Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.

◎Synchronicstudy共时性研究----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime（modernlinguistics）

◎Diachronicstudy历时性研究----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

3）Speechvs.writing

◎Speech----primarymediumoflanguage

◎Writing----laterdeveloped

4）Langue语言vs.parole言语（F.deSaussure）

◎Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.

◎Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

◎Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.

5）Competenceandperformance（Chomsky）

◎Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

◎Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

◎Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

6）Traditionalgrammarvsmodernlinguistics

◎Traditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframework

◎Modernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework

●ExercisesforChapter1

1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_________.

A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.subjectiveD.Latin-based

2.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas________.

A.abnormalB.somethingtobefeared 

C.natural 

D.unnatural

3.Ofthe“words”listedbelow,_____isnotanEnglishword.A.[spin] 

B.[lkbi] 

C.[strikt] 

D.[desk]

4.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermedas___________linguistics.

A.comparative比较的 

B.applied 

C.synchronic 

D.diachronic

5.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelya