educational system in canada加拿大教育体系Word格式文档下载.docx

educational system in canada加拿大教育体系Word格式文档下载.docx

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Educationiswithinprovincialjurisdictionandthecurriculumisoverseenbytheprovince.[17] 

EducationinCanadaisgenerallydividedinto 

primaryeducation,followedbysecondaryeducationandpost-secondary.Withintheprovincesundertheministryofeducation,therearedistrictschoolboardsadministeringtheeducationalprograms.[18] 

Educationiscompulsoryuptotheageof16ineveryprovinceinCanada,exceptforManitoba,OntarioandNewBrunswick,wherethecompulsoryageis18,orassoonasahighschooldiplomahasbeenachieved.Insomeprovincesearlyleavingexemptionscanbegrantedundercertaincircumstancesat14.Canadagenerallyhas190（180inQuebec）schooldaysintheyear,officiallystartingfromSeptember（afterLabourDay）totheendofJune（usuallythelastFridayofthemonth,exceptinQuebecwhenitisjustbeforeJune24 

–theprovincialholiday）.

Canada-wide[edit]

Elementary,secondary,andpost-secondaryeducationin 

Canada 

isaprovincialresponsibilityandtherearemanyvariationsbetweentheprovinces.Someeducationalfieldsaresupportedatvariouslevelsbyfederaldepartments.Forexample,the 

DepartmentofNationalDefence 

includesthe 

RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,whiletheDepartmentof 

IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada 

isresponsiblefortheeducationof 

FirstNations.[19][20] 

VocationaltrainingcanbesubsidizedbytheLearningbranchofHumanResourcesandSkillsDevelopmentCanada（afederaldepartment）.[21][22][23]

1950CanadianSchoolTrain.Pupilsattendclassesat 

Nemegosnear 

Chapleau,Ontario.

AboutoneoutoftenCanadiansdoesnothaveahighschooldiploma 

–oneinsevenhasauniversitydegree 

–theadultpopulationthatiswithoutahighschooldiplomaisacombinationofbothimmigrantandCanadian-born.Inmanyplaces,publiclyfundedhighschoolcoursesareofferedtotheadultpopulation.Theratioofhighschoolgraduatesversusnondiploma-holdersischangingrapidly,partlyduetochangesinthelabourmarketthatrequirepeopletohaveahighschooldiplomaand,inmanycases,auniversitydegree.MajorityofSchools67%percentareco-Ed.

Canadaspendsabout5.4%ofits 

GDP 

oneducation.[12] 

Thecountryinvestsheavilyintertiaryeducation（morethan20000USDperstudent）.[24] 

Sincetheadoptionof 

section23 

ofthe 

ConstitutionAct,1982,educationinboth 

English 

and 

French 

hasbeenavailableinmostplacesacrossCanada（ifthepopulationofchildrenspeakingtheminoritylanguagejustifiesit）,althoughFrenchSecondLanguageeducation/FrenchImmersionisavailabletoanglophonestudentsacrossCanada.

AccordingtoanannouncementofCanadianMinisterofCitizenshipandImmigration,Canadaisintroducinganew,fast-tracksystemtoletforeignstudentsandgraduateswithCanadianworkexperiencebecomepermanenteligibleresidentsinCanada.[25]

MostschoolshaveintroducedoneormoreinitiativessuchasprogramsinNativestudies,antiracism,Aboriginalculturesandcrafts;

visitsbyeldersandothercommunitymembers;

andcontentinareaslikeindigenouslanguages,Aboriginalspirituality,indigenousknowledgeofnature,andtourstoindigenousheritagesites.[26] 

Althoughtheseclassesareoffered,mostappeartobelimitedbytheareaorregioninwhichstudentsreside."

Thecurriculumisdesignedtoelicitdevelopmentandqualityofpeople'

scognitionthroughtheguidingofaccommodationsofindividualstotheirnaturalenvironmentandtheirchangingsocialorder"

[27] 

Finally,"

somescholarsviewacademicsasaformof"

softpower"

helpingtoeducateandtocreatepositiveattitudes."

[28]althoughthereiscriticismthateducatorsaremerely 

tellingstudentswhattothink,insteadofhowtothinkforthemselves.[29][30][31] 

Furthermore,"

subjectsthattypicallygetassessed（i.e.,languagearts,mathematics,andscience）assumegreaterimportancethannon-assessedsubjects（i.e.,music,visualarts,andphysicaleducation）orfacetsofthecurriculum（i.e.,readingandwritingversusspeakingandlistening）."

[32] 

ThestudentsintheCanadianschoolsystemreceiveavarietyofclassesthatareofferedtothem.Thesystemissetuptomeetthediverseneedsoftheindividualstudent.

Divisionsbyreligionandlanguage[edit]

TheConstitutionofCanadaprovidesconstitutionalprotectionsforsometypesofpubliclyfundedreligious-basedandlanguage-basedschoolsystems.

The 

ConstitutionAct,1867 

containsaguaranteeforpubliclyfundedreligious-based 

separateschools,providedtheseparateschoolswereestablishedbylawpriortotheprovincejoiningConfederation.Courtcaseshaveestablishedthatthisprovisiondidnotapplyto 

NovaScotia, 

NewBrunswick, 

Manitoba, 

BritishColumbia,and 

PrinceEdwardIsland,sincethoseprovincesdidn