语言学期末复习文档格式.docx

语言学期末复习文档格式.docx

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Thefollowingaresomefundamentalviewsaboutlanguage、

判）Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction、（T）

Languageoperatesbyrules、（T）

Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:

asoundsystem语音系统,asystemoflexicogrammar词汇语法andasystemofsemantics语意学、（T）

Everyonespeaksadialect、（T）

Languageslowlychanges、（T）

Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons行话、（T）

Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem、（T）

Writingisderivative来源得ofspeech、（T）

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication、

分析）P3）itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicationbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact、Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles、

Designfeaturesoflanguage

Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatures、

（1）Arbitrariness任意性分析，以下三点

瑞士Saussure（现代语言学之父）:

theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning、（定义）

（1）Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorpheme词素anditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeic拟声得words:

ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese、

2）Arbitrarinessatthesyntactic句法得level:

languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel、（判）

Bysyntaxthatsentencesareconstructedtothegrammarofarrangement

3）Arbitrarinessandconvention、Conventionality规约性

Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention、

Conventionality,aslearnersofEnglishweareoftentold“thisisanidiom”—meaningitisconventionaltosaythingsthiswayandyoucannotchangetheexpressionanyotherwayevenifyouthinkitdoesnotlookorsoundlogical、

（2）Duality双重性定义/单

Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel

（3）Creativity创造性定义/填

Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness递归性、

（4）Displacement移位性定义

Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication、

Andonethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts、单

Functionsoflanguage

ForJakobson,languageisaboveallforcommunication、

Inhisfamousarticle,LinguisticsandPoetics,hedefinedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent,namely:

speaker,addressee,context,message,code元语言解码,contact、

Sixkeyelementsofcommunication,namely:

referential（toconveymessageandinformation）,

Poetic诗学（toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake）,

emotive（toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions）,

conative意动（topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests）,

phatic寒暄（toestablishcommunionwithothers）

Metalingualfuncation（toclearupintentionsandmeanings）、

Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehasideational概念功能,interpersonal人际功能andtextual语篇功能functions、填

（1）Informativefunction最重要

Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage、判

Theinformativefunctionisindeedacrucialfunctionoflanguage、

（2）Interpersonalfunction

Byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety、

（3）Performativefunction施为功能

Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies、Forexample,suisuipingan

（4）Emotivefunction

Expressivefunction

（5）Phaticcommunion寒暄功能书上得例句选择

（6）Recreationalfunction娱乐功能

theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'

sbabblingorachanter'

schanting、

（7）Metalingualfunction源语言填空

Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself、

WhatisLinguistics?

Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage

Mainbranchesoflinguistics定义/填空/大题

Phonetics语音学

Phonology音系学

Morphology形态学

Syntax句法学

Semantics语义学

Pragmatics语用学

Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc、

Wecanapproachitonvariouslevels、

Atonelevel,speechisamatterofan