Glossary from Physical Geology地质术语名词解释文档格式.docx

Glossary from Physical Geology地质术语名词解释文档格式.docx

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abyssalplain:

Avastflatareaontheseaflooradjacenttothecontinentalrisesofpassivecontinentalmargins.

activecontinentalmargin:

Acontinentalmargincharacterizedbyvolcanismandseismicityattheleadingedgeofacontinentalplatewhereoceaniclithosphereissubducted.Seealsopassivecontinentalmargin.

alluvialfan:

Acone-shapedalluvialdepositformedwhereastreamflowsfrommountainsontoanadjacentlowland.

alluvium:

Ageneraltermforalldetritalsedimenttransportedanddepositedbyrunningwater.

angularunconformity:

Anunconformitybelowwhicholderrocksdipatadifferentangle（usuallysteeper）thantheoverlyingstrata.Seealsodisconformityandnonconformity.

anticline:

Aconvexupwardfoldinwhichtheoldestexposedrockscoincidewiththefoldaxisandallstratadipawayfromtheaxis.

aphanitictexture:

Anigneoustextureinwhichindividualmineralsaretoosmalltobeseenwithoutmagnification.

arê

te:

Anarrow,serratedridgeseparatingtwoglacialvalleysoradjacentcirques.

artesiansystem:

Aconfinedaquiferinwhichhighhydrostatic（fluid）pressurebuildsupcausingwatertoriseabovetheleveloftheaquifer.

aseismicridge:

Aridgeorbroadarearisingasmuchas2to3kmabovethesurroundingseafloorandlackingseismicactivity.

ash:

Pyroclasticmaterialmeasuringlessthan2mm.

assimilation:

Aprocessinwhichmagmachangescompositionasitreactswithcountryrock.

asthenosphere:

Thepartofthemantlethatliesbelowthelithosphere;

behavesplasticallyandflows.

atom:

Thesmallestunitofmatterthatretainsthecharacteristicsofanelement.

atomic:

massnumberThetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsinthenucleusofanatom.

atomicnumber:

Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.

aureole:

Azonesurroundingaplutoninwhichcontactmetamorphismtookplace.

B

barchandune:

Acrescent-shapeddunewiththetipsofthecrescentpointingdownwind.

barrierisland:

Along,narrowislandcomposedofsandorientedparalleltoashorelinebutseparatedfromthemainlandbyalagoon.

basal:

slipAtypeofglacialmovementinwhichaglacierslidesoveritsunderlyingsurface.

basalt:

plateauAlargeareabuiltupbynumerousflat-lyinglavaflowseruptedfromfissures.

baselevel:

Thelowestleveltowhichastreamcanerode.

basin:

Thecircularfoldinwhichallstratadiptowardacentralpoint,andtheyoungestexposedrocksareinthecenter.

batholith:

Adiscordant,irregularlyshapedplutonwithasurfaceareaofatleast100

.

baymouthbar:

Aspitthathasgrownuntilitclosesoffabayfromtheopensea.

beach:

Adepositofsedimentextendinglandwardfromlowtidetoachangeintopographyorwherepermanentvegetationbegins.

bed（bedding）:

Abedisanindividuallayerofrock,especiallysedimentaryrock,whereasbeddingisthelayeredarrangementofrocks.Seealsostratification.

bedload:

Thepartofastream’ssedimentloadtransportedalongitsbed;

consistsofsandandgravel.

berm:

Thebackshoreareaofabeach,consistingofaplatformcomposedofsedimentdepositedbywaves.Bermsarenearlyhorizontalorslopegentlylandward.

BigBang:

Amodelfortheevolutionoftheuniverseinwhichadense,hotstatewasfollowedbyexpansion,cooling,andalessdensestate.

biochemicalsedimentaryrock:

Asedimentaryrockresultingfromthechemicalprocessesoforganisms.

blacksmoker:

Asubmarinehydrothermalventthatemitsaplumeofblackwatercoloredbydissolvedminerals.

bodywave:

AnearthquakewavethattravelsthroughEarth.BothP-andS-wavesarebodywaves.

bonding:

Theprocesswherebyatomsarejoinedtootheratoms.

Bowen’sreactionseries:

Amechanismaccountingforthederivationofintermediateandfelsicmagmasfrommaficmagma.Ithasadiscontinuousbranchofferromagnesianmineralsthatchangefromonetoanotheroverspecifictemperaturerangesandacontinuousbranchofplagioclasefeldsparswhosecompositionchangesasthetemperaturedecreases.

braidedstream:

Astreamwithmultipledividingandrejoiningchannels.

breaker:

Awavethatsteepensasitentersshallowwateruntilitscrestplungesforward.

butte:

Anisolated,steep-sided,pinnacle-likehillformedbythebreachingofaresistantcaprock,whichallowsrapiderosionofthelessresistantunderlyingrocks.

C

caldera:

Alarge,steep-sidedcirculartoovalvolcanicdepressionusuallyformedbysummitcollapseresultingfrompartialdrainingoftheunderlyingmagma