四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题3Word文件下载.docx

四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题3Word文件下载.docx

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Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe"

problem"

forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'

stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:

heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.

Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientists

specializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'

others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.

1.Theappliedscientist______.

A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblemsB.providesthe

basicknowledgeforpractice

C.appliestheresultsofresearchtopracticeD.doesoriginal

researchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature

2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.

A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscienceB.theapplied

scientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnature

C.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.

appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist

3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.

A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetals

B.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheit

C.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperatures

D.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures

4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.

A.greaterindependenceofeachscience

B.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciences

C.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialistsD.theneedforonly

onclassificationofscientists

5."

Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"

meansthat____.

A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyearB.sciencehas

developedmorefieldsofendeavor

C.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizon

D.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospace

chowPassage2

InTheDisunitingofAmerica:

ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition（W.W.Norton）SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'

swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica'

s"

culturewars"

.

Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:

Whatholdsanationtogether?

AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?

Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhat

heseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:

thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradical

rightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.

Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjustices