语言学第三章chapter3PPT文档格式.ppt

语言学第三章chapter3PPT文档格式.ppt

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falsify;

amplify河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章3.2MorphemeItisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.tourists:

tour;

-ist;

-stalks;

talker;

talked;

talkingTypesofmorpheme:

freemorphemeandboundmorpheme河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章3.2.1FreemorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.Root:

thebasicelementofawordthatcanstandbyitself:

talk,internationalism,work/shop,black/birdStem:

theelementinvolvedinawordwithoutthelastaddedboundmorpheme:

friends,friendships河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章StemAstemmaybe:

asimplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthestemarethesame:

work,talkarootplusaderivationalaffix:

workerstwoormoreroots:

workshops河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章Lexical（open）morphemesvsFunctional（close）morphemesLexical（open）morphemesarethesetofordinarynouns,verbsandadjectivesthatcarrythecontentofmessageweconvey.Sincewecancreatenewlexicalmorphemesforthelanguagerathereasily,theyarecalledanopenclassofwords:

book,desk,house,love,look,long,happy河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章Functional（close）morphemesconsistofthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.Aswealmostneveraddnewfunctionalmorphemestothelanguage,theyarecalledaclosedclassofwords:

and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章3.2.2BoundmorphemeBoundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Theyareactuallyaffixes,includingprefixesandsuffixes:

-ly,un-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing.Insomelanguages,therearealsoinfixes.河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章Prefixesarejoinedtothebeginningoftherootorstem.Theycanchangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.Impossible,unbelievable,enrichSuffixesarejoinedtotheendoftherootorstem.Theycanalsochangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.hopeless,kindness河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章DerivationalmorphemesvsInflectionalmorphemesDerivationalmorphemesareOFTENusedtomakenewwordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem.ness,-less,-ful,-ly;

re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章InflectionalmorphemesinEnglishEnglishhasonlyeightinflectionalmorphemes:

-s:

possessive-s:

plural-s:

3rdpersonpresentsingular-ing:

presentparticiple-ed:

pasttenseandpastparticiple-en:

pastparticiple-er:

comparative-est:

superlative河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章DifferencesbetweenderivationalmorphemeandinflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemescanchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword,creatinganentirelynewword.Inflectionalmorphemesneveralterthegrammaticalcategoryofaword.河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章SummarymorphemeFreemorphemeBoundmorphemeLexicalmorphemeFunctionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemeInflectionalmorpheme河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章3.3MorphsandAllomorphsMorphs:

thesmallestmeaningfulphoneticsegmentsofanutteranceonthelevelofparole.Theyarethephonological（spoken）ororthographic（written）formswhichrealizemorphemes.Theyareminimalcarriersofmeaning.Allomorph:

amemberofasetofmorphswhichrepresentthesamemorpheme.Allomorphsarephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthesamemorpheme.河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章AllomorphAllomorphsareincomplementarydistribution.-edpasttense-t:

talked-d:

stayed-id:

created（phonological）-d:

changed-ed:

worked（orthographic）-s（plurality）-z:

meanings-s:

maps-iz:

watches-ai-:

mice-i:

-:

feet0:

deer河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章3.4TypesofWordFormationWordformationorwordbuildingisthecreationofnewwords,whichisusefultousbecauseitcanenrichourvocabularybylearningsomemajorways.Themostimportantwaysarecompoundingandderivation.河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章3.4.1CompoundingDefinition:

puttingtwowordstogether.Thefirstelementreceivesthemainstress,andthesecondonedeterminesthenewwordsclass.typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard河南大学外语学院马应聪英语语言学：

第3章Typesofcompoundwordsa.nouncompoundsnoun+noun:

armchair,rainbowverb+noun:

pickpocket,washclothadjective+noun:

bluebird,highchairb.verbcompoundsnoun+verb:

vacuum-clean,manhandleverb+verb:

sleepwalkadjective+verb:

dry-cleanc.adjectivecompoundsnoun+adjective:

color-blind,snow-whiteverb+adjective:

stir-crazyadjectiv