语言学第三章chapter3PPT文档格式.ppt

1、falsify;amplify 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.tourists:tour;-ist;-stalks;talker;talked;talkingTypes of morpheme:free morpheme and bound morpheme 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and ca

2、n be used freely all by themselves.friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.Root:the basic element of a word that can stand by itself:talk,internationalism,work/shop,black/birdStem:the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme:friends,friendships 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章StemA

3、 stem may be:a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme,in which case the root and the stem are the same:work,talka root plus a derivational affix:workerstwo or more roots:workshops 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Lexical（open）morphemes vs Functional（close）morphemes Lexical（open）morphemes are the set of ord

4、inary nouns,verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey.Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily,they are called an open class of words:book,desk,house,love,look,long,happy河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Functional（close）morphemes consist of the functional w

5、ords in the language such as conjunctions,articles,prepositions and pronouns.As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language,they are called a closed class of words:and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.2.2 Bound morpheme Bound morphemes are those tha

6、t cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.They are actually affixes,including prefixes and suffixes:-ly,un-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing.In some languages,there are also infixes.河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Prefixes are joined to the beginning of

7、 the root or stem.They can change the meaning or function of the word.Impossible,unbelievable,enrichSuffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem.They can also change the meaning or function of the word.hopeless,kindness 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes Deri

8、vational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem.ness,-less,-ful,-ly;re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,tense,degree and case.河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Inflect

9、ional morphemes in EnglishEnglish has only eight inflectional morphemes:-s:possessive-s:plural-s:3rd person present singular-ing:present participle-ed:past tense and past participle-en:past participle-er:comparative-est:superlative 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Differences between derivational morpheme and i

10、nflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word,creating an entirely new word.Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Summary morphemeFree morphemeBound morphemeLexical morphemeFunctional morphemeDerivationa

11、l morphemeInflectional morpheme河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs Morphs:the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.They are the phonological（spoken）or orthographic（written）forms which realize morphemes.They are minimal carriers of meaning.Allomorph:

12、a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Allomorph Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.-ed past tense -t:talked -d:stayed -id:created （phonological）-d:changed -ed:worked （orth

13、ographic）-s（plurality）-z:meanings -s:maps -iz:watches -ai-:mice -i:-:feet 0:deer 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.4 Types of Word Formation Word formation or word building is the creation of new words,which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways.The most important way

14、s are compounding and derivation.河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章3.4.1 Compounding Definition:putting two words together.The first element receives the main stress,and the second one determines the new words class.typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard 河南大学外语学院 马应聪英语语言学：第3章Types of compound words a.noun compounds noun+noun:armchair,rainbow verb+noun:pickpocket,washcloth adjective+noun:bluebird,highchairb.verb compounds noun+verb:vacuum-clean,manhandle verb+verb:sleepwalk adjective+verb:dry-cleanc.adjective compounds noun+adjective:color-blind,snow-white verb+adjective:stir-crazy adjectiv