固有免疫和适应免疫1_精品文档PPT格式课件下载.ppt

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Innatevs.AcquiredImmunity-conceptualandpracticaldifferenceThevertebrate“invention”ofacquiredimmunityHowdoesinnateimmunitywork?

@#@（Chapters1and8）CellsRecognitionreceptorsMediators,Lecture1IntroductiontothePrinciplesofImmunity,TheTriumphofDeath-PieterBruegheltheElderca.1562,Whytheimmunesystem?

@#@,Whatisitsfunction?

@#@Howwidelyisitpresentinnature?

@#@Whydoesitaffectsomanyaspectsoflife?

@#@Howcanwealteritforimprovedqualityoflife?

@#@,HowdoestheImmuneSystem（IS）affectyourlife?

@#@,InfectiousDiseases:

@#@Almostanydeficiencyinimmunity-youdie,Autoimmunediseases:

@#@Graves/hyperthyroidism,TypeIdiabetes,perniciousanemia,rheumatoidarthritis,thyroiditis,andvitiligoTheincidenceof24autoimmunediseasesis1/31Americans.Womenareat2.7xgreaterriskClinImmunolImmunopathol1997Sep;@#@84（3）:

@#@223-43,Cancer:

@#@Evidenceinthepastyearindicatesthattheimmunesystemdoesindeedfunctionintumorsurveillance,HypersensitivityDiseases:

@#@Allergy-Incidencerisefrom6%-20%inthepasttwodecadesAsthma-Incidencerisefrom3%-8%ofthetotalpopulationinthepasttwodecades-Thehygienehypothesis-HeartDisease-Thebloodvascularsystemisanintegralpartoftheimmunesystem.Itinstructsleukocytestomigratefromthebloodtoasiteofinfection.Newevidencesupportsthatideathatcoronaryheartdiseaseresultsfromchronicarterialinflammation,BigbugshavelittlebugsUpontheirbackstobiteemLittlebugshavelittlerbugsAndsoonadinfinitum-OgdenNash,Ithink,Colonizationoflargeorganismsbysmallerorganismsorvirusesisthe“inversefoodchain”LargecomplexorganismspresentasourceofenergyandahabitatforsmallerorganismsandvirusesviacolonizationColonizationanddefenseagainstcolonizationisafundamentalprincipleinbiologyTheimmunesystemisprincipallyandmostimportantlyevolvedtosculptcolonizationtobenefitthehost,ImmuneEvolution,DanceoftheEons,VirtuallyeveryorganismfacespressurefromviralormicrobialcolonizationandsohasevolvedstrategiestocontrolcolonizationLikewise,everyparasiticorganismorpieceofselfishDNAhasevolvedastrategytomitigatetheeffectsofimmunityThiseternalwaltzofparasitesandtheirhostssurelybeganwiththeoriginoflife,CorollariesJustaspredatorspeciesimprovethefitnessoftheirprey,colonialagentsselectforfitnessintheirhostsJustasahostcannotbetoopermissiveforaparasiticagent,theparasiticagentcannotbetooeffectiveinkillingahostThemoreeffectivetheimmunesystem,themorecomplicatedandevolvedtheparasitePerhapsweshouldviewthehost-parasiteinteractionasaconstantlyescalatingwaroranuneasy（metastable）truce,Oneviewofanimalphylogeny,BiologicalInventionofAcquiredImmunity,Innatevs.AdaptiveImmunity,Figure1.5,Memory,InnateImmunity,Allanimalshavean“innate”immunesystemInnateimmunityismanifestinmanycellsofthebody.Thebasisistherecognitionofmolecularpatterns,thatoccurinmicrobesbutnotanimals（e.g.,unmethylatedDNAsequences,dsRNA,cellwallcomponents,etc）Thisisthebedrockofimmunityinallorganisms-evenbacteriahavedefensemechanismsagainstbacterialviruses,InnateImmunity,cont,AnapparentlimitationisthatparasiticagentshaveagenerationtimeordersofmagnitudelessthanthatoftheirhostsAsecondlimitationisthatthereisonlylimitedamplificationoftheresponseAthirdlimitationisthatthereisnomemory,AdaptiveImmunity,RecognizesanybiochemicaldeterminantProvidesamechanismforimmunerecognitionthatcanevolveasrapidlyastheparasite（clonalselection）ThereisrapidamplificationofaresponseThereismemory,Toagivenorganism,otherspeciescanrepresentasourceofenergyandnutrition:

@#@FoodChain-Largeanimalseatsmalleranimals（simplified）InverseFoodChain:

@#@Colonization-Smallanimals（ormicrobesandviruses）colonizelargeranimalsthat,inturn,provideanenvironmentforreplicationAlllivingorganismshaveaformofimmunitytodefendagainstcolonization:

@#@frombacteriatobluewhalestogiantsequoia,thereareamyriadofmechanismsthathaveevolvedtopreventcolonization,Innatevs.AcquiredImmunity,Theinnateimmunesystemofaspeciesdetectsmolecularpatternsfoundinother（parasitic）organisms,butnotinthespeciesitself.Detectionsetsuparesponsethatcankilltheparasite.Thelimitationoftheinnateimmunesystemisthatparasiticmicrobeshaveamuchshortergenerationtimethanhigheranimals,andthereforevariantscanarisetocircumventtherecognitionorresponse.Theacquiredimmunesystemlearnsthemolecular“self”andanythingelseispotentiallyatargetforresponse.Theabilitytorespondtonewmoleculardeterminantsisonatime-scalesimilartothegenerationtimeofmicrobes.,ComponentsPrincipleFunctionsBarriersEpitheliallayersPrevententryDefensinsandCryptidinsMicrobialkillingCirculatingandTissueEffectorCellsNeutrophilsEarlyphagocytosisandkillingofm