胡壮麟语言学名词解释大总结Word下载.docx

胡壮麟语言学名词解释大总结Word下载.docx

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function:

theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.

3. 

etic:

atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.

4. 

emic:

atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.

5. 

synchronic:

akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6. 

diachronic:

studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7. 

prescriptive:

thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8. 

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.

9. 

descriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10. 

arbitrariness:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11. 

duality:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

12. 

displacement:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

13. 

phaticcommunion:

onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

14. 

metalanguage:

certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

15. 

macrolinguistics:

heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, 

anthropologicallinguistics,et

16. 

competence:

languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17. 

performance:

theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18. 

langue:

thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19. 

parole:

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

20． 

Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21． 

Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

22． 

Voicing:

pronouncingasound（usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant）byvibratingthevocalcords.

23． 

Broadandnarrowtranscription:

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24． 

Consonant:

aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25． 

Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

26． 

Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（eg.<

th>

isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<

t>

.Both<

and<

areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27． 

Vowl:

aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28． 

Mannerofarticulation;

intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29． 

Placeofarticulation:

intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapp